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Although atomic and nuclear physics have made enormous advances during the last century, there has been an increasing crisis in fundamental physical theory with regard to the nature of the ultimate constituents of matter which appear to have both particle and wave-like properties and occur in a bewildering variety of types and masses. Since there is now overwhelming evidence that the universe is expanding from a highly compact state that appears to have had the dimensions of a single proton or less, further progress in understanding the origin of the universe and its structure cannot be made until the problem of the nature of the fundamental particles is resolved.