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Read at the American Nuclear Society meeting, Nashville (June 1998).

A mathematical model of charged clusters (Shoulders' EV's) is presented that shows the stability is due to a helical vortex ring possessing an extraordinary poloidal circulation. In this nonrelativistic calculation, the poloidal filament would have to be thin. A spherical electron cluster is unstable and would ten dot form into a toroid by a force balance relationship. The calculation shows that the energy density of the poloidal filament in a charge cluster is a hundred times higher than in a supernova explosion.

Classical calculation showing that nuclear charge clusters can be produced at low energy anbd yet gain sufficient acceleration for their contained protons to penetrate the Coulomb barrier and transmute lattice nuclei.