Time Dilation - Revision history

DeHilster: /* Background */

2017-06-03T01:57:10Z

Background

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	==Background==		==Background==

	In 1905, Einstein published a paper1 which laid the basis for special relativity. In that paper he derived special relativity’s time dilation equation, <math>T = ~~To/~~(1 - v^2/c^2)~~1/2~~</math>. It correlates time accumulating on a clock at rest in an inertial frame with another clock in a different inertial frame. In the above equation, v is the relative velocity between the two clocks.		In 1905, Einstein published a paper1 which laid the basis for special relativity. In that paper he derived special relativity’s time dilation equation, <math>T = \frac{T_o}{\sqrt{(1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2})}}</math>. It correlates time accumulating on a clock at rest in an inertial frame with another clock in a different inertial frame. In the above equation, v is the relative velocity between the two clocks.

	==Physics Meaning(s)==		==Physics Meaning(s)==

DeHilster: /* Hafele-Keating Experiment */

2017-06-02T19:21:58Z

Hafele-Keating Experiment

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	In addition to the above, the GPS data shows that both the asymmetric physical proper time accumulation rate of atomic clocks and the observed rate are NOT, in general, dependent on relative velocity, but instead are dependent on their individual absolute velocities with respect to a single, preferred frame.		In addition to the above, the GPS data shows that both the asymmetric physical proper time accumulation rate of atomic clocks and the observed rate are NOT, in general, dependent on relative velocity, but instead are dependent on their individual absolute velocities with respect to a single, preferred frame.

	==Hafele-Keating Experiment==		===Hafele-Keating Experiment===

	The Hafele-Keating experiment, which was conducted prior to the GPS system being implemented, compares the proper time accumulation rates of atomic clocks at rest on the surface of the earth with the rates of airborne atomic clocks that were flown around the earth - some in an easterly direction and some in a westerly direction. As such, it mimics the time dilation physics of GPS and is subject to all the comments above regarding GPS.		The Hafele-Keating experiment, which was conducted prior to the GPS system being implemented, compares the proper time accumulation rates of atomic clocks at rest on the surface of the earth with the rates of airborne atomic clocks that were flown around the earth - some in an easterly direction and some in a westerly direction. As such, it mimics the time dilation physics of GPS and is subject to all the comments above regarding GPS.

	==What’s the Official Academic Position on Special Relativity’s Time Dilation?==		==What’s the Official Academic Position on Special Relativity’s Time Dilation?==

DeHilster: /* GPS */

2017-06-02T19:21:40Z

GPS

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	Thus, we see that muons created by cosmic ray collisions in the upper atmosphere reach the earth's surface because there is an absolute, asymmetric, physical slowing of those muons' clocks when compared to the clocks of muons that are moving slowly with respect to the ECI frame. This asymmetric, physical slowing of clocks as a function of velocity with respect to the earth's frame cannot be explained by special relativity's constructs that are functions of (symmetric) relative velocity.		Thus, we see that muons created by cosmic ray collisions in the upper atmosphere reach the earth's surface because there is an absolute, asymmetric, physical slowing of those muons' clocks when compared to the clocks of muons that are moving slowly with respect to the ECI frame. This asymmetric, physical slowing of clocks as a function of velocity with respect to the earth's frame cannot be explained by special relativity's constructs that are functions of (symmetric) relative velocity.

	==GPS==		===GPS===
	GPS uses a physical model built on physical asymmetric clock retardation as a function of velocity with respect to a unique frame, namely, the ECI (Earth Centered Inertial) frame.1 GPS uses the velocity of its satellite clocks with respect to the ECI frame and the velocity of earthbound clocks with respect to the ECI frame to determine how much each clock has slowed relative to a clock at rest in the ECI frame and then computes the ratio of those rates to compare the expected satellite clocks’ rates to the earth clock rates.1 As discussed above, even though one is using an equation that looks like special relativity’s time dilation and one is using velocity "relative" to the ECI frame, one is NOT actually using special relativity time dilation.		GPS uses a physical model built on physical asymmetric clock retardation as a function of velocity with respect to a unique frame, namely, the ECI (Earth Centered Inertial) frame.1 GPS uses the velocity of its satellite clocks with respect to the ECI frame and the velocity of earthbound clocks with respect to the ECI frame to determine how much each clock has slowed relative to a clock at rest in the ECI frame and then computes the ratio of those rates to compare the expected satellite clocks’ rates to the earth clock rates.1 As discussed above, even though one is using an equation that looks like special relativity’s time dilation and one is using velocity "relative" to the ECI frame, one is NOT actually using special relativity time dilation.

	GPS uses the rotational velocity of the satellite clocks and the rotational velocity of the earthbound clocks relative to the (non-rotating) ECI frame and computes how much each set of clocks would slow relative to hypothetical clocks at rest in the ECI frame. Next, GPS uses those two ratios of the clocks relative to a 3rd party clock (the hypothetical clock at rest in the ECI frame) to compute the ratio of the satellite clock rate to the earthbound clock rate to determine the relative velocity effect.		GPS uses the rotational velocity of the satellite clocks and the rotational velocity of the earthbound clocks relative to the (non-rotating) ECI frame and computes how much each set of clocks would slow relative to hypothetical clocks at rest in the ECI frame. Next, GPS uses those two ratios of the clocks relative to a 3rd party clock (the hypothetical clock at rest in the ECI frame) to compute the ratio of the satellite clock rate to the earthbound clock rate to determine the relative velocity effect.

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	Observations from particle accelerators and atmospheric muons reaching the earth just give data gathered from one frame, the ECI frame, and do NOT give data from the “moving” particle perspective. As such, these sources do not directly address the issue of whether time dilation is symmetric (i.e., “just observed”) or asymmetric (i.e., physical). GPS data shows that time dilation (or rather clock retardation) is unquestionably asymmetric and physical – absolute velocity does affect clock rate.		Observations from particle accelerators and atmospheric muons reaching the earth just give data gathered from one frame, the ECI frame, and do NOT give data from the “moving” particle perspective. As such, these sources do not directly address the issue of whether time dilation is symmetric (i.e., “just observed”) or asymmetric (i.e., physical). GPS data shows that time dilation (or rather clock retardation) is unquestionably asymmetric and physical – absolute velocity does affect clock rate.

	In addition to the above, the GPS data shows that both the asymmetric physical proper time accumulation rate of atomic clocks and the observed rate are NOT, in general, dependent on relative velocity, but instead are dependent on their individual absolute velocities with respect to a single, preferred frame.		In addition to the above, the GPS data shows that both the asymmetric physical proper time accumulation rate of atomic clocks and the observed rate are NOT, in general, dependent on relative velocity, but instead are dependent on their individual absolute velocities with respect to a single, preferred frame.

	==Hafele-Keating Experiment==		==Hafele-Keating Experiment==

DeHilster: /* Muon Decay In The Atmosphere5 */

2017-06-02T19:21:16Z

Muon Decay In The Atmosphere5

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	Relativists claim that the logically invalid interpretation of special relativity’s time dilation that describes symmetrically changing proper time accumulation rates has been confirmed. However, the data is analyzed from the point of view of a single frame – at CERN and most other accelerators, that single frame is the Earth Centered Inertial frame.		Relativists claim that the logically invalid interpretation of special relativity’s time dilation that describes symmetrically changing proper time accumulation rates has been confirmed. However, the data is analyzed from the point of view of a single frame – at CERN and most other accelerators, that single frame is the Earth Centered Inertial frame.

	==Muon Decay In The Atmosphere5==		===Muon Decay In The Atmosphere5===
	The earthbound observer sees muons created in the upper atmosphere as byproducts of high energy cosmic ray proton impacts with atomic nuclei. Due to the thickness of the atmosphere and the very short half-life of the muon, very few such muons would be expected to reach the earth's surface (only 1 in every 10138). However, a great quantity of muons do reach the earth and even penetrate 100s of meters into the earth. This experimental result is interpreted as proof of special relativity's (symmetric) time dilation, but this is not a logically consistent interpretation. It is also not mentioned by relativists that this empirical data directly supports the alternative, Lorentz Relativity’s clock retardation.		The earthbound observer sees muons created in the upper atmosphere as byproducts of high energy cosmic ray proton impacts with atomic nuclei. Due to the thickness of the atmosphere and the very short half-life of the muon, very few such muons would be expected to reach the earth's surface (only 1 in every 10138). However, a great quantity of muons do reach the earth and even penetrate 100s of meters into the earth. This experimental result is interpreted as proof of special relativity's (symmetric) time dilation, but this is not a logically consistent interpretation. It is also not mentioned by relativists that this empirical data directly supports the alternative, Lorentz Relativity’s clock retardation.

	It's claimed by relativists that it’s special relativity’s time dilation, that gives the muon's "clock" much more time for the "high speed" muon to decay and that gives the muon more time to traverse the depth of the earth's atmosphere. To be consistent with special relativity, it is claimed that from the high speed muon's frame, it would appear that muons that are moving slowly with respect to the earth would be observed to have a much longer decay rate than the high speed muons. The fact that, according to special relativity, both sets of clocks experience time dilation with respect to inertial frames that have speeds very near to the other set of muons can allegedly be explained in terms of relative simultaneity and the different views of what's simultaneous with the event of muon creation in the upper atmosphere and the event of that muon reaching the earth.		It's claimed by relativists that it’s special relativity’s time dilation, that gives the muon's "clock" much more time for the "high speed" muon to decay and that gives the muon more time to traverse the depth of the earth's atmosphere. To be consistent with special relativity, it is claimed that from the high speed muon's frame, it would appear that muons that are moving slowly with respect to the earth would be observed to have a much longer decay rate than the high speed muons. The fact that, according to special relativity, both sets of clocks experience time dilation with respect to inertial frames that have speeds very near to the other set of muons can allegedly be explained in terms of relative simultaneity and the different views of what's simultaneous with the event of muon creation in the upper atmosphere and the event of that muon reaching the earth.

	However, since this phenomenon involves a threshold event, namely, the decay or non-decay of the muon, the phenomenon cannot be explained by relative simultaneity or in terms of special relativity - this is, in general, true of allegedly relative velocity dependent, physical effects that involves a threshold.		However, since this phenomenon involves a threshold event, namely, the decay or non-decay of the muon, the phenomenon cannot be explained by relative simultaneity or in terms of special relativity - this is, in general, true of allegedly relative velocity dependent, physical effects that involves a threshold.

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	Thus, we see that muons created by cosmic ray collisions in the upper atmosphere reach the earth's surface because there is an absolute, asymmetric, physical slowing of those muons' clocks when compared to the clocks of muons that are moving slowly with respect to the ECI frame. This asymmetric, physical slowing of clocks as a function of velocity with respect to the earth's frame cannot be explained by special relativity's constructs that are functions of (symmetric) relative velocity.		Thus, we see that muons created by cosmic ray collisions in the upper atmosphere reach the earth's surface because there is an absolute, asymmetric, physical slowing of those muons' clocks when compared to the clocks of muons that are moving slowly with respect to the ECI frame. This asymmetric, physical slowing of clocks as a function of velocity with respect to the earth's frame cannot be explained by special relativity's constructs that are functions of (symmetric) relative velocity.

	==GPS==		==GPS==
	GPS uses a physical model built on physical asymmetric clock retardation as a function of velocity with respect to a unique frame, namely, the ECI (Earth Centered Inertial) frame.1 GPS uses the velocity of its satellite clocks with respect to the ECI frame and the velocity of earthbound clocks with respect to the ECI frame to determine how much each clock has slowed relative to a clock at rest in the ECI frame and then computes the ratio of those rates to compare the expected satellite clocks’ rates to the earth clock rates.1 As discussed above, even though one is using an equation that looks like special relativity’s time dilation and one is using velocity "relative" to the ECI frame, one is NOT actually using special relativity time dilation.		GPS uses a physical model built on physical asymmetric clock retardation as a function of velocity with respect to a unique frame, namely, the ECI (Earth Centered Inertial) frame.1 GPS uses the velocity of its satellite clocks with respect to the ECI frame and the velocity of earthbound clocks with respect to the ECI frame to determine how much each clock has slowed relative to a clock at rest in the ECI frame and then computes the ratio of those rates to compare the expected satellite clocks’ rates to the earth clock rates.1 As discussed above, even though one is using an equation that looks like special relativity’s time dilation and one is using velocity "relative" to the ECI frame, one is NOT actually using special relativity time dilation.

DeHilster: /* Particle Accelerators */

2017-06-02T19:20:54Z

Particle Accelerators

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	Relativists erroneously claim that the empirical data supports the interpretation of special relativity’s time dilation that describes symmetrically changing proper time accumulation rates - however, since that interpretation leads to logic contradictions, it is not a viable interpretation – in addition, much of the empirical data is also at odds with this interpretation. A discussion of the various categories of empirical data supporting clock retardation as a function of absolute velocity and how that data has been erroneously interpreted by relativists is discussed below.		Relativists erroneously claim that the empirical data supports the interpretation of special relativity’s time dilation that describes symmetrically changing proper time accumulation rates - however, since that interpretation leads to logic contradictions, it is not a viable interpretation – in addition, much of the empirical data is also at odds with this interpretation. A discussion of the various categories of empirical data supporting clock retardation as a function of absolute velocity and how that data has been erroneously interpreted by relativists is discussed below.

	==Particle Accelerators==		===Particle Accelerators===

	In both linear and circular particle accelerators, the half-life of particles has been shown to increase as a function of their increasing velocity with respect to a single, preferred frame, thus confirming Lorentz’s asymmetric clock retardation.		In both linear and circular particle accelerators, the half-life of particles has been shown to increase as a function of their increasing velocity with respect to a single, preferred frame, thus confirming Lorentz’s asymmetric clock retardation.

	Relativists claim that the logically invalid interpretation of special relativity’s time dilation that describes symmetrically changing proper time accumulation rates has been confirmed. However, the data is analyzed from the point of view of a single frame – at CERN and most other accelerators, that single frame is the Earth Centered Inertial frame.		Relativists claim that the logically invalid interpretation of special relativity’s time dilation that describes symmetrically changing proper time accumulation rates has been confirmed. However, the data is analyzed from the point of view of a single frame – at CERN and most other accelerators, that single frame is the Earth Centered Inertial frame.

	==Muon Decay In The Atmosphere5==		==Muon Decay In The Atmosphere5==

DeHilster: /* References */

2017-06-02T19:20:14Z

References

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	==References==		==References==
	~~1 Einstein, Ann. der Phys. 17, 891 (1905).~~
	~~2 P. Langevin "The Evolution of Space and Time" ("L'évolution de l'espace et du temps"). Scientia 10: 31–54 (1911)~~
	~~3 G.O Mueller, 95 Years of Criticism of the Special Theory of Relativity (1908-2003); AVAILABLE ON LINE:~~
	~~- English Translation~~

DeHilster: /* Physics Meaning(s) */

2017-06-02T19:19:58Z

Physics Meaning(s)

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	Special relativity’s time dilation is a function of relative velocity which requires that the time dilation effect of Clock A relative to Clock B has to be identical to the time dilation effect of Clock B relative to Clock A since the relative velocity between A and B is equal to the relative velocity between B and A. Hence, the initial reaction, circa 1905 -1916, from physicists was that special relativity’s time dilation described a “just observed” effect much like in optics when twins start together and, as they separate and the distance between them increases, each observes the other as shrinking, but, of course, no physical shrinking is actually occurring.		Special relativity’s time dilation is a function of relative velocity which requires that the time dilation effect of Clock A relative to Clock B has to be identical to the time dilation effect of Clock B relative to Clock A since the relative velocity between A and B is equal to the relative velocity between B and A. Hence, the initial reaction, circa 1905 -1916, from physicists was that special relativity’s time dilation described a “just observed” effect much like in optics when twins start together and, as they separate and the distance between them increases, each observes the other as shrinking, but, of course, no physical shrinking is actually occurring.

	However, after deriving special relativity’s time dilation, Einstein, in that 1905 paper, made an assertion that caused great disagreement among physicists of that era. Einstein claimed that “From this …” <ref>Einstein, Ann. der Phys. 17, 891 (1905).</ref> (clearly referencing time dilation) it followed that if two clocks were at rest together in an inertial frame and then one clock made a round trip away from and back to the other clock, then the “traveling” clock would have accumulated less proper time than the “stationary” clock. This assertion implied that special relativity’s time dilation caused the traveling clock to slow as a function of the relative velocity between the “stay-at-home” clock and the “traveling” clock. At the time, many physicists objected as it seemed contradictory to contend that an inherently symmetric effect would cause an inherently asymmetric physical effect. The resulting controversy was labeled the Clock Paradox and then in 1911 when ~~Langevin2~~ discussed it in terms of the relative aging of twin humans, it became known as the Twin Paradox. For a much more detailed discussion on the Twin Paradox see the article in this Wiki on the Twin Paradox.		However, after deriving special relativity’s time dilation, Einstein, in that 1905 paper, made an assertion that caused great disagreement among physicists of that era. Einstein claimed that “From this …” <ref>Einstein, Ann. der Phys. 17, 891 (1905).</ref> (clearly referencing time dilation) it followed that if two clocks were at rest together in an inertial frame and then one clock made a round trip away from and back to the other clock, then the “traveling” clock would have accumulated less proper time than the “stationary” clock. This assertion implied that special relativity’s time dilation caused the traveling clock to slow as a function of the relative velocity between the “stay-at-home” clock and the “traveling” clock. At the time, many physicists objected as it seemed contradictory to contend that an inherently symmetric effect would cause an inherently asymmetric physical effect. The resulting controversy was labeled the Clock Paradox and then in 1911 when Langevin <ref>P. Langevin "The Evolution of Space and Time" ("L'évolution de l'espace et du temps"). Scientia 10: 31–54 (1911)</ref> discussed it in terms of the relative aging of twin humans, it became known as the Twin Paradox. For a much more detailed discussion on the Twin Paradox see the article in this Wiki on the Twin Paradox.

	The net result of the debate showed that interpreting special relativity’s time dilation as causing a physical effect such as a slowing of proper time accumulation inherently led to contradictions. Hence, the logical conclusion was that special relativity’s time dilation needed to be seen as limited to describing “just observed” effects (i.e., both observers observe the other’s clock to be running slow without there being any necessary implication about relative proper time accumulation rates).		The net result of the debate showed that interpreting special relativity’s time dilation as causing a physical effect such as a slowing of proper time accumulation inherently led to contradictions. Hence, the logical conclusion was that special relativity’s time dilation needed to be seen as limited to describing “just observed” effects (i.e., both observers observe the other’s clock to be running slow without there being any necessary implication about relative proper time accumulation rates).

DeHilster: /* Summary */

2017-06-02T19:19:06Z

Summary

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	However, since physics academia remains convinced that special relativity is correct, most relativists explicitly or implicitly espouse both the “just observed” AND the asymmetric, physical effect interpretations of special relativity’s time dilation even though they are mutually exclusive and both have been disproved by the empirical data and the physical interpretation has been shown to have fatal logic flaws.		However, since physics academia remains convinced that special relativity is correct, most relativists explicitly or implicitly espouse both the “just observed” AND the asymmetric, physical effect interpretations of special relativity’s time dilation even though they are mutually exclusive and both have been disproved by the empirical data and the physical interpretation has been shown to have fatal logic flaws.

	It is hoped that some of today’s physics students will avail themselves of the thousands of publications based on critical thinking on special relativity’s time dilation and on special relativity itself <ref>P. ~~Langevin "The Evolution~~ of ~~Space and Time" ("L'évolution de l'espace et du temps"). Scientia 10: 31–54~~ (~~1911~~)</ref> so that progress can be made in the future in the areas of spacetime physics and its use in associated disciplines such as astronomy and cosmology		It is hoped that some of today’s physics students will avail themselves of the thousands of publications based on critical thinking on special relativity’s time dilation and on special relativity itself <ref>G.O Mueller, 95 Years of Criticism of the Special Theory of Relativity (1908-2003)</ref> so that progress can be made in the future in the areas of spacetime physics and its use in associated disciplines such as astronomy and cosmology

	==References==		==References==

DeHilster: /* Summary */

2017-06-02T19:18:32Z

Summary

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:18, 2 June 2017
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	However, since physics academia remains convinced that special relativity is correct, most relativists explicitly or implicitly espouse both the “just observed” AND the asymmetric, physical effect interpretations of special relativity’s time dilation even though they are mutually exclusive and both have been disproved by the empirical data and the physical interpretation has been shown to have fatal logic flaws.		However, since physics academia remains convinced that special relativity is correct, most relativists explicitly or implicitly espouse both the “just observed” AND the asymmetric, physical effect interpretations of special relativity’s time dilation even though they are mutually exclusive and both have been disproved by the empirical data and the physical interpretation has been shown to have fatal logic flaws.

	It is hoped that some of today’s physics students will avail themselves of the thousands of publications based on critical thinking on special relativity’s time dilation and on special relativity ~~itself3~~ so that progress can be made in the future in the areas of spacetime physics and its use in associated disciplines such as astronomy and cosmology		It is hoped that some of today’s physics students will avail themselves of the thousands of publications based on critical thinking on special relativity’s time dilation and on special relativity itself <ref>P. Langevin "The Evolution of Space and Time" ("L'évolution de l'espace et du temps"). Scientia 10: 31–54 (1911)</ref> so that progress can be made in the future in the areas of spacetime physics and its use in associated disciplines such as astronomy and cosmology

	==References==		==References==

DeHilster: /* Physics Meaning(s) */

2017-06-02T19:17:12Z

Physics Meaning(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:17, 2 June 2017
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	Special relativity’s time dilation is a function of relative velocity which requires that the time dilation effect of Clock A relative to Clock B has to be identical to the time dilation effect of Clock B relative to Clock A since the relative velocity between A and B is equal to the relative velocity between B and A. Hence, the initial reaction, circa 1905 -1916, from physicists was that special relativity’s time dilation described a “just observed” effect much like in optics when twins start together and, as they separate and the distance between them increases, each observes the other as shrinking, but, of course, no physical shrinking is actually occurring.		Special relativity’s time dilation is a function of relative velocity which requires that the time dilation effect of Clock A relative to Clock B has to be identical to the time dilation effect of Clock B relative to Clock A since the relative velocity between A and B is equal to the relative velocity between B and A. Hence, the initial reaction, circa 1905 -1916, from physicists was that special relativity’s time dilation described a “just observed” effect much like in optics when twins start together and, as they separate and the distance between them increases, each observes the other as shrinking, but, of course, no physical shrinking is actually occurring.

	However, after deriving special relativity’s time dilation, Einstein, in that 1905 paper, made an assertion that caused great disagreement among physicists of that era. Einstein claimed that “From this ~~…”1~~ (clearly referencing time dilation) it followed that if two clocks were at rest together in an inertial frame and then one clock made a round trip away from and back to the other clock, then the “traveling” clock would have accumulated less proper time than the “stationary” clock. This assertion implied that special relativity’s time dilation caused the traveling clock to slow as a function of the relative velocity between the “stay-at-home” clock and the “traveling” clock. At the time, many physicists objected as it seemed contradictory to contend that an inherently symmetric effect would cause an inherently asymmetric physical effect. The resulting controversy was labeled the Clock Paradox and then in 1911 when Langevin2 discussed it in terms of the relative aging of twin humans, it became known as the Twin Paradox. For a much more detailed discussion on the Twin Paradox see the article in this Wiki on the Twin Paradox.		However, after deriving special relativity’s time dilation, Einstein, in that 1905 paper, made an assertion that caused great disagreement among physicists of that era. Einstein claimed that “From this …” <ref>Einstein, Ann. der Phys. 17, 891 (1905).</ref> (clearly referencing time dilation) it followed that if two clocks were at rest together in an inertial frame and then one clock made a round trip away from and back to the other clock, then the “traveling” clock would have accumulated less proper time than the “stationary” clock. This assertion implied that special relativity’s time dilation caused the traveling clock to slow as a function of the relative velocity between the “stay-at-home” clock and the “traveling” clock. At the time, many physicists objected as it seemed contradictory to contend that an inherently symmetric effect would cause an inherently asymmetric physical effect. The resulting controversy was labeled the Clock Paradox and then in 1911 when Langevin2 discussed it in terms of the relative aging of twin humans, it became known as the Twin Paradox. For a much more detailed discussion on the Twin Paradox see the article in this Wiki on the Twin Paradox.

	The net result of the debate showed that interpreting special relativity’s time dilation as causing a physical effect such as a slowing of proper time accumulation inherently led to contradictions. Hence, the logical conclusion was that special relativity’s time dilation needed to be seen as limited to describing “just observed” effects (i.e., both observers observe the other’s clock to be running slow without there being any necessary implication about relative proper time accumulation rates).		The net result of the debate showed that interpreting special relativity’s time dilation as causing a physical effect such as a slowing of proper time accumulation inherently led to contradictions. Hence, the logical conclusion was that special relativity’s time dilation needed to be seen as limited to describing “just observed” effects (i.e., both observers observe the other’s clock to be running slow without there being any necessary implication about relative proper time accumulation rates).

	==Logic Problem For Time Dilation Describing Proper Time==		==Logic Problem For Time Dilation Describing Proper Time==