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	<title>On Hertz&#039;s Invariant Form of Maxwell&#039;s Equations - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-04-10T12:49:28Z</updated>
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		<id>http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?title=On_Hertz%27s_Invariant_Form_of_Maxwell%27s_Equations&amp;diff=24540&amp;oldid=prev</id>
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		<updated>2017-01-02T02:46:30Z</updated>

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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 22:46, 1 January 2017&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l17&quot;&gt;Line 17:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 17:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientific Paper|hertz &amp;#039;s invariant form maxwell &amp;#039;s equations]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientific Paper|hertz &amp;#039;s invariant form maxwell &amp;#039;s equations]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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		<id>http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?title=On_Hertz%27s_Invariant_Form_of_Maxwell%27s_Equations&amp;diff=19602&amp;oldid=prev</id>
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		<updated>2017-01-01T17:48:14Z</updated>

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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:48, 1 January 2017&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Abstract==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Abstract==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The failure of Maxwell&#039;s equations to exhibit invariance under the Galilean transformation was corrected by Hertz through a simple, but today largely forgotten, mathematical trick. This involves substituting total (convective) time derivatives for partial time derivatives wherever the latter appear in Maxwell&#039;s equations. By this means Hertz derived a formally Galilean-invariant covering theory of Maxwell&#039;s vacuum electrodynamics - which, however, was not space-time symmetrical (in view of his tampering with the time but not space derivatives). Had Hertz&#039;s mathematical accom-plishment received wider recognition, his invariant covering theory of Maxwell&#039;s could have furnished the formal key (almost two decades before Minkowski&#039;s &quot;covariance&quot;) to unification of the &quot;relativistic&quot; properties of electrodynamics and Newtonian mechanics, explanation of the Michelson-Morley result, etc. The task of finding a viable physical interpretation of the Hertzian convective velocity parameter - which Hertz himself did not live to accomplish - remains for continuing research. We discuss this and related matters and give an explicit proof of invariance.[[Category:Scientific Paper]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The failure of Maxwell&#039;s equations to exhibit invariance under the Galilean transformation was corrected by Hertz through a simple, but today largely forgotten, mathematical trick. This involves substituting total (convective) time derivatives for partial time derivatives wherever the latter appear in Maxwell&#039;s equations. By this means Hertz derived a formally Galilean-invariant covering theory of Maxwell&#039;s vacuum electrodynamics - which, however, was not space-time symmetrical (in view of his tampering with the time but not space derivatives). Had Hertz&#039;s mathematical accom-plishment received wider recognition, his invariant covering theory of Maxwell&#039;s could have furnished the formal key (almost two decades before Minkowski&#039;s &quot;covariance&quot;) to unification of the &quot;relativistic&quot; properties of electrodynamics and Newtonian mechanics, explanation of the Michelson-Morley result, etc. The task of finding a viable physical interpretation of the Hertzian convective velocity parameter - which Hertz himself did not live to accomplish - remains for continuing research. We discuss this and related matters and give an explicit proof of invariance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientific Paper&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|hertz &#039;s invariant form maxwell &#039;s equations&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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	<entry>
		<id>http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?title=On_Hertz%27s_Invariant_Form_of_Maxwell%27s_Equations&amp;diff=2698&amp;oldid=prev</id>
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		<updated>2016-12-30T05:02:05Z</updated>

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&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox paper&lt;br /&gt;
| title = On Hertz\&amp;#039;s Invariant Form of Maxwell\&amp;#039;s Equations&lt;br /&gt;
| author = [[Thomas E Phipps]]&lt;br /&gt;
| keywords = [[Hertzian electromagnetism]], [[Galilean invariance]], [[Maxwell&amp;#039;s equations]], [[covariance]], [[total time derivatives]]&lt;br /&gt;
| published = 1993&lt;br /&gt;
| journal = [[Physics Essays]]&lt;br /&gt;
| volume = [[6]]&lt;br /&gt;
| number = [[2]]&lt;br /&gt;
| num_pages = 15&lt;br /&gt;
| pages = 249-256&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Abstract==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The failure of Maxwell&amp;#039;s equations to exhibit invariance under the Galilean transformation was corrected by Hertz through a simple, but today largely forgotten, mathematical trick. This involves substituting total (convective) time derivatives for partial time derivatives wherever the latter appear in Maxwell&amp;#039;s equations. By this means Hertz derived a formally Galilean-invariant covering theory of Maxwell&amp;#039;s vacuum electrodynamics - which, however, was not space-time symmetrical (in view of his tampering with the time but not space derivatives). Had Hertz&amp;#039;s mathematical accom-plishment received wider recognition, his invariant covering theory of Maxwell&amp;#039;s could have furnished the formal key (almost two decades before Minkowski&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;covariance&amp;quot;) to unification of the &amp;quot;relativistic&amp;quot; properties of electrodynamics and Newtonian mechanics, explanation of the Michelson-Morley result, etc. The task of finding a viable physical interpretation of the Hertzian convective velocity parameter - which Hertz himself did not live to accomplish - remains for continuing research. We discuss this and related matters and give an explicit proof of invariance.[[Category:Scientific Paper]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Relativity]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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