CriticalT: Changed FORMATTING of Death Date and age

2020-08-02T21:44:07Z

Changed FORMATTING of Death Date and age

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:44, 2 August 2020
Line 7:		Line 7:
	\|birth_date = {{Birth date\|1927\|3\|21}}		\|birth_date = {{Birth date\|1927\|3\|21}}
	\|birth_place = New York City, United States		\|birth_place = New York City, United States
	\|death_date = {{Death date ~~and age~~\|2013\|12\|28~~\|1927\|3\|21~~}}		\|death_date = {{Death date\|2013\|12\|28}} age 88
	\|death_place = [[Munich]], Germany		\|death_place = [[Munich]], Germany
	\|residence = Germany		\|residence = Germany

CriticalT: 1 revision imported

2018-02-04T19:31:13Z

1 revision imported

New page

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Halton Arp
|image =Halton-arp-adjusted.jpg
|image_size =150px
|caption = ''Halton Arp'' in London, October 2000
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|3|21}}
|birth_place = New York City, United States
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|12|28|1927|3|21}}
|death_place = [[Munich]], Germany
|residence = Germany
|citizenship =
|nationality = American
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Astronomy]]
|work_institutions = [[Palomar Observatory]]<br />[[Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics]]
|alma_mater = [[California Institute of Technology]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Walter Baade]]
|doctoral_students = [[Susan Kayser]]
|known_for = [[Intrinsic redshift]]<br />[[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes = [[Newcomb Cleveland Prize]] {{small|(1960)}}<br />[[Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy]] {{small|(1960)}}
|religion =
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}
'''Halton Christian "Chip" Arp''' (March 21, 1927 – December 28, 2013) was an American [[astronomer]]. He was known for his 1966 ''[[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies]]'', which (it was later realized) catalogues many examples of [[interacting galaxies|interacting and merging galaxies]]. Arp was also known as a critic of the [[Big Bang|Big Bang theory]] and for advocating a [[non-standard cosmology]] incorporating [[intrinsic redshift]].

==Biography==
[[File:Arp&grandsons.2008.JPG|thumb|left|Halton Arp (right) and his grandsons, 2008]]

Arp was born on March 21, 1927, in New York City. He was married three times, has four daughters and five grandchildren.<ref>Alissa J. Arp and [[Andrice Arp]], daughters</ref><ref name="Overbye2014">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/07/science/space/halton-c-arp-astronomer-who-challenged-big-bang-theory-dies-at-86.html |title=Halton C. Arp, Astronomer, Dies at 86; Sought to Challenge Big Bang Theory |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 January 2014}}</ref> His [[bachelor's degree]] was awarded by [[Harvard College|Harvard]] (1949), and his PhD by [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] (1953). Afterward he became a Fellow of the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]] in 1953, performing research at the [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] and [[Palomar Observatory]]. Arp became a Research Assistant at [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]] in 1955, and then in 1957 became a staff member at [[Palomar Observatory]], where he worked for 29 years. In 1983 he joined the staff of the [[Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics]] in Germany. He died in Munich, Germany on December 28, 2013.<ref name=Overbye2014 /> He was an atheist.<ref>http://www.create.ab.ca/epitaph-for-a-maverick-astronomer/. (n.d.)."Halton Arp, the atheist Steady State astronomer, has died"</ref>

==The Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies==
[[File:Potw1504a.tif|thumb|[[Arp 230]], also known as IC 51, observed by the [[NASA]]/[[ESA]] [[Hubble Space Telescope]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The polar ring of Arp 230|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1504a/|accessdate=25 June 2015}}</ref>]]
Arp compiled a catalog of unusual galaxies titled ''[[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies]]'', which was first published in 1966.<ref name="arp1966">{{cite journal
| author=H. Arp
| title=Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies
| journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement
| date=1966
| volume=14
| pages=1–20
| bibcode=1966ApJS...14....1A | doi=10.1086/190147
}}</ref> Arp realized that astronomers understood little about how galaxies change over time, which led him to work on this project. This atlas was intended to provide images that would give astronomers data from which they could study the evolution of galaxies. Arp later used the atlas as evidence in his debate on [[Quasar|quasi-stellar objects]] (QSOs).

Based on its citation by other astronomers, Arp's atlas is recognized now as an excellent compilation of [[interacting galaxies|interacting and merging galaxies]]. Many objects in the atlas are referred to primarily by their Arp number. Many of these objects (particularly [[Arp 220]]) are also used as spectral templates for studying high-redshift galaxies.

==Quasars and redshifts==

===Characterizing quasars===
During the 1950s bright radio sources, now known as [[quasar]]s, had been discovered that did not appear to have an optical counterpart. In 1960 one of these sources, [[3C 48]], was found to be associated with what appeared to be a small blue star. When the [[spectrum]] of the star was measured, it contained unidentifiable [[spectral line]]s that defied all attempts at explanation; [[John Gatenby Bolton]]'s suggestion that these were highly [[redshifted]] sources was not widely accepted.

In 1963 [[Maarten Schmidt]] found a visible companion to the quasar [[3C 273]]. Using the [[Hale telescope]], Schmidt found the same odd spectra, but was able to demonstrate that it could be explained as the spectrum of hydrogen, shifted by a very large 15.8% If this was due to the physical motion of the "star", it would represent a speed of 47,000 km/s, far beyond the speed of any known star and defying an obvious explanation. Nor would this explain the huge radio emissions that had led to its original detection.

Schmidt noted that redshift is also associated with the expansion of the universe, as codified in [[Hubble's law]]. If the measured redshift was due to expansion, then the object in question would have to be very far away. In that case, it would have to have an extraordinarily high [[luminosity]], equally beyond any object seen to date. This extreme luminosity would also explain the large radio signal. Schmidt concluded quasars are very distant, very luminous objects.<ref name="schmidt1963">{{cite journal
| author= Maarten Schmidt
| title=3C 273: a star-like object with large red-shift
| journal=Nature
| date=1963
| volume=197
| issue= 4872
| pages=1040–1040
| bibcode=1963Natur.197.1040S | doi=10.1038/1971040a0
}}</ref>

Schmidt's explanation for the high redshift was not universally accepted at the time. Another explanation that was offered was that it was [[gravitational redshift]] that was being measured; this would require a massive object that would also explain the high luminosities. A star large enough to produce the measured redshift would be well beyond the [[Hayashi limit]]. Several other mechanisms were proposed as well, each with their own problems.

===Arp's suggestion===
In 1966, Arp published the ''Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies'', which contained photographs of 338 nearby galaxies that did not fall into any of the classic categories of galaxy shapes. His goal was to produce a selection that modellers could use in order to test theories of galactic formation. By testing against the collection, one could quickly see how well a particular theory stood up.

One group of these, numbers 1 through 101, were otherwise conventional galaxies that appeared to have small companion objects of unknown origin. In 1967 Arp noted that several of these objects appeared on the list of quasars. In some photographs a quasar is in the foreground of known galaxies, and in others there appeared to be matter bridging the two objects, implying they are very close in space. If they are, and the redshifts were due to Hubble expansion, then both objects should have similar redshifts. The galaxies had much smaller redshifts than the quasars. Arp argued that the redshift was not due to Hubble expansion or physical movement of the objects, but must have a non-[[cosmological]] or "[[intrinsic redshift|intrinsic]]" origin.

Arp also noted that quasars were not evenly spread over the sky, but tended to be more commonly found in positions of small angular separation from certain galaxies. This being the case, they might be in some way related to the galaxies. Arp's [[hypothesis]] is that quasars are local objects ejected from the core of [[Active galaxy|active galactic nuclei]] (AGN). Nearby galaxies with both strong radio emission and peculiar [[Morphology (astronomy)|morphologies]], particularly [[Messier 87|M87]] and [[Centaurus A]], appeared to support Arp's hypothesis.<ref name="arp1967">{{cite journal
| author=H. Arp
| title=Peculiar Galaxies and Radio Sources
| journal=Astrophysical Journal
| date=1967
| volume=148
| pages=321–366
| bibcode=1967ApJ...148..321A | doi=10.1086/149159
}}</ref>

In his books, Arp has provided his reasons for believing that the [[Big Bang]] theory is wrong, citing his research into quasars or [[quasar|quasi-stellar objects]] (QSOs). Instead, Arp supported the [[redshift quantization]] theory as an explanation of the redshifts of galaxies.<ref>Arp, Halton, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1987JApA....8..241A&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=4521318e0202978 Additional members of the Local Group of galaxies and quantized redshifts within the two nearest groups]" (1987) ''Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy'' (ISSN 0250-6335), vol. 8, Sept. 1987, p. 241-255.</ref>

===Critics===
Arp originally proposed his theories in the 1960s; [[telescope]]s and astronomical instrumentation have advanced greatly since then: the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] was launched, multiple 8-10 meter [[telescopes]] (such as those at [[Keck Observatory]] and the [[Very Large Telescope]]) have become operational, and detectors such as [[charge-coupled device|CCD]]s are now more widely employed. These new telescopes and new instrumentation have been used to examine QSOs further. QSOs are now generally accepted to be very distant galaxies with high redshifts. Many imaging surveys, most notably the [[Hubble Deep Field]], have found many high-redshift objects that are not QSOs but that appear to be normal galaxies like those found nearby.<ref name="driveretal1998">{{cite journal
|author1=S. P. Driver |author2=A. Fernandez-Soto |author3=W. J. Couch |author4=S. C. Odewahn |author5=R. A. Windhorst |author6=S. Phillips |author7=K. Lanzetta |author8=A. Yahil | title=Morphological Number Counts and Redshift Distributions to I<26 from the Hubble Deep Field: Implications for the Evolution of Ellipticals, Spirals, and Irregulars |journal=Astrophysical Journal |date=1998 |volume=496 |issue=2 |pages=L93–L96 |bibcode=1998ApJ...496L..93D |doi=10.1086/311257|arxiv = astro-ph/9802092 }}</ref> The [[spectrum|spectra]] of the high-redshift galaxies, as seen from [[X-ray]] to radio wavelengths, match the spectra of nearby galaxies (particularly galaxies with high levels of [[star formation]] activity but also galaxies with normal or extinguished star formation activity) when corrected for redshift effects.<ref name="CouchEllis1983">{{cite journal |last1=Couch |first1=W. J. |last2=Ellis |first2=R. S. |last3=Godwin |first3=J. |last4=Carter |first4=D. |title=Spectral energy distributions for galaxies in high redshift clusters - I. Methods and application to three clusters with 0.22 z 0.31 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=205 |issue=4 |year=1983 |pages=1287–1312 |issn=0035-8711 |doi=10.1093/mnras/205.4.1287 |bibcode=1983MNRAS.205.1287C}}</ref><ref name="postmanetal1998">{{cite journal |author=Postman, L. M. Lubin, J. B. Oke |title=A Study of Nine High-Redshift Clusters of Galaxies. II. Photometry, Spectra, and Ages of Clusters 0023+0423 and 1604+4304 |journal=Astronomical Journal |date=1998 |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=560–583 |bibcode=1998AJ....116..560P|doi=10.1086/300463
|arxiv = astro-ph/9805155 }}</ref><ref name="priddeymcmahon2001">{{cite journal |author1=R. S. Priddey |author2=R. G. McMahon |title=The far-infrared-submillimetre spectral energy distribution of high-redshift quasars |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=2001 |volume=324 |issue=1 |pages=L17–L22 |bibcode=2001MNRAS.324L..17P |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04548.x |arxiv = astro-ph/0102116 }}</ref> As more recent experiments have expanded the amount of collected data by orders of magnitude Arp's theories can now be scrutinized further. For instance a recent study about the periodicity of redshifts (a hypothesis articulated by Arp) stated that:

:"... the publicly available data from the [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey]] and 2dF QSO redshift survey to test the hypothesis that QSOs are ejected from active galaxies with periodic noncosmological redshifts. For two different [[intrinsic redshift]] models, [...] and find there is no evidence for a periodicity at the predicted frequency in log(1+z), or at any other frequency."<ref name=Tang >Tang, Su Min; Zhang, Shuang Nan, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005ApJ...633...41T&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=42ca922c9c10466 Critical Examinations of QSO Redshift Periodicities and Associations with Galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data]", in ''The Astrophysical Journal'', Volume 633, Issue 1, pp. 41-51 (2005) [https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0506366 arXiv e-print]</ref>
However, a follow-up study by Bell and McDiarmid<ref name=bellmcd /> shows that Arp's hypothesis about the periodicity in red-shifts cannot be discarded easily. The authors argue (as response to Tang and Zhang (2005) from which the preceding excerpt is taken) that
:"The Tang and Zhang (2005) analysis could thus have missed, or misidentified, many of the parent galaxies, which could explain why the pairs they found differed little from what would be expected for a random distribution. In spite of this, although it was not pointed out by these authors, their pairs did show a slight excess near the expected value of 200 kpc….In fact, most of the conclusions reached by Tang and Zhang (2005) appear to have resulted because they have assumed that many of the values [that they have used] are much more accurate than they really are. …[we found by examining 46400 quasars from Sloan Digital Sky Survey that] the locations of the peaks in the redshift distribution are in agreement with the preferred redshifts predicted by the intrinsic redshift equation"<ref name=bellmcd>{{Cite journal|author1=Bell, M.B. |author2=McDiarmid D.|date=2006|title=Six Peaks Visible in the Redshift Distribution of 46400 SDSS Quasars Agree with the Preferred Redshifts Predicted by the Decreasing Intrinsic Redshift Model|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/503792/fulltext/|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|doi=10.1086/503792|pmid=|access-date=4 June 2016|volume=648|pages=140–147|arxiv = astro-ph/0603169 |bibcode = 2006ApJ...648..140B }}</ref>

Arp did not waver from his stand against the [[Big Bang]], and until shortly before his death continued to publish articles<ref>[http://www.haltonarp.com/articles H.C. Arp official website:articles]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Fulton|first=C.C.|author2=H.C. Arp|title=The 2dF Redshift Survey. I. Physical Association and Periodicity in Quasar Families|journal=ApJ|date=July 18, 2012|volume=754|issue=2|page=134|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/754/2/134|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/754/2/134/|bibcode = 2012ApJ...754..134F }}</ref> stating his contrary view in both popular and scientific literature, frequently collaborating with [[Geoffrey Burbidge]] (until his death in 2010) and [[Margaret Burbidge]].<ref name="adsabstracts">{{cite web |title=Smithsonian/NASA ADS Custom Query Form |work=Results for "Arp, H" |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html |accessdate=September 3, 2006 }}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
In 1960, Arp was awarded the [[Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy]] by the [[American Astronomical Society]], a prize "normally awarded annually for a significant contribution to observational or theoretical astronomy during the five years preceding the award."<ref>[http://www.aas.org/grants/awards.html Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404093144/http://www.aas.org/grants/awards.html |date=April 4, 2007 }}</ref>

In the same year, Arp was awarded the [[Newcomb Cleveland Prize]] for his address, "The Stellar Content of Galaxies", read before a joint session of the American Astronomical Society and AAAS Section D.<ref>About the AAAS: [http://archives.aaas.org/people.php?p_id=453 History & Archives]</ref>

In 1984, he was awarded the [[The Humboldt Prize|Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award]].<ref>Juan Miguel Campanario and Brian Martin, "[http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/04jse.html Challenging dominant physics paradigms]" (2004) ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', vol. 18, no. 3, Fall 2004, pp. 421-438.</ref>

==Books by Arp==
* ''[[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies]]'' (1966)
* ''The Redshift Controversy'' (1973, with [[George B. Field]] and [[John N. Bahcall]])
* ''[[Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies]]'' (1987)
* ''Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science'' (1998)
* ''Catalogue of Discordant Redshift Associations'' (2003)

==See also==
* '''[[Physical cosmology|Cosmology]]''' : [[Non-standard cosmology]], [[Intrinsic redshift]]s, [[Redshift quantization]], [[Le Sage's theory of gravitation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Halton Arp |title= Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/?id=_JYWqe2qMZ0C |date=1989 |isbn=0-521-36314-4}}
* Halton Arp, ''Seeing Red'', Aperion (August 1998) {{ISBN|0-9683689-0-5}}
* Halton Arp, ''Catalogue of Discordant Redshift Associations'', Aperion (September 1, 2003) {{ISBN|0-9683689-9-9}}
* G. Burbidge, E.M. Burbidge, H.C. Arp, W.M. Napier: ''Ultraluminous X-ray Sources, High Redshift QSOs and Active Galaxies.'' [https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605140 Preprint]
* J. Kanipe, D. Webb ''The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, A Chronicle and Observer's Guide'', Willmann-Bell Inc. (2006) {{ISBN|978-0-943396-76-7}}

==External links==
* [http://www.haltonarp.com/ Halton Arp's Website]
* [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4490 Oral History interview transcript with Halton Arp 29 July 1975, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives]
* [http://en.scientificcommons.org/h_arp Publications by Halton C. Arp at the Scientific Commons repository]
* [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/frames.html ''Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130828034559/http://iau.org/administration/membership/individual/2982/ Halton Arp directory page at the IAU from 2011]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arp, Halton}}
[[Category:20th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:21st-century astronomers]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:American astronomers]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indiana University people]]
[[Category:20th-century American scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century American scientists]]

Halton Arp - Revision history

CriticalT: Changed FORMATTING of Death Date and age

CriticalT: 1 revision imported