Expansion tectonics - Revision history

DeHilster at 20:13, 4 December 2018

2018-12-04T20:13:39Z

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	{{Wikipedia_dispute\|Expanding earth}}		{{Wikipedia_dispute\|Expanding earth}}

	[[File:2008_age_of_oceans_plates.~~gif~~\|thumbnail\|500px\|The Crustal Age map from NOAA is considered by expansion tectonics as the most important geological map in modern geology]]Expansion Tectonics is a geology-based tectonic theory that is used to describe, model, and reconstruct the large-scale evolution and assemblage of Earths tectonic plates on an Earth that has been slowly gaining in size and mass over billions of years. This theory, and associated modelling studies, extends in time from the early-Archaean–some 4,000 million years ago–through to the present day and is readily extrapolated to the future. Modelling studies demonstrate that changing configurations of the supercontinents, breakup of the Pangaean supercontinent, formation of the Earth’s modern continents, as well as sympathetic opening of each of the modern oceans is progressive, predictive, and evolutionary.		[[File:2008_age_of_oceans_plates.jpg\|thumbnail\|500px\|The Crustal Age map from NOAA is considered by expansion tectonics as the most important geological map in modern geology]]Expansion Tectonics is a geology-based tectonic theory that is used to describe, model, and reconstruct the large-scale evolution and assemblage of Earths tectonic plates on an Earth that has been slowly gaining in size and mass over billions of years. This theory, and associated modelling studies, extends in time from the early-Archaean–some 4,000 million years ago–through to the present day and is readily extrapolated to the future. Modelling studies demonstrate that changing configurations of the supercontinents, breakup of the Pangaean supercontinent, formation of the Earth’s modern continents, as well as sympathetic opening of each of the modern oceans is progressive, predictive, and evolutionary.

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

DeHilster at 20:11, 4 December 2018

2018-12-04T20:11:34Z

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	{{Wikipedia_dispute\|Expanding earth}}		{{Wikipedia_dispute\|Expanding earth}}

	[[File:~~CrustalAgeMapNOAA~~.gif\|thumbnail\|500px\|The Crustal Age map from NOAA is considered by expansion tectonics as the most important geological map in modern geology]]Expansion Tectonics is a geology-based tectonic theory that is used to describe, model, and reconstruct the large-scale evolution and assemblage of Earths tectonic plates on an Earth that has been slowly gaining in size and mass over billions of years. This theory, and associated modelling studies, extends in time from the early-Archaean–some 4,000 million years ago–through to the present day and is readily extrapolated to the future. Modelling studies demonstrate that changing configurations of the supercontinents, breakup of the Pangaean supercontinent, formation of the Earth’s modern continents, as well as sympathetic opening of each of the modern oceans is progressive, predictive, and evolutionary.		[[File:2008_age_of_oceans_plates.gif\|thumbnail\|500px\|The Crustal Age map from NOAA is considered by expansion tectonics as the most important geological map in modern geology]]Expansion Tectonics is a geology-based tectonic theory that is used to describe, model, and reconstruct the large-scale evolution and assemblage of Earths tectonic plates on an Earth that has been slowly gaining in size and mass over billions of years. This theory, and associated modelling studies, extends in time from the early-Archaean–some 4,000 million years ago–through to the present day and is readily extrapolated to the future. Modelling studies demonstrate that changing configurations of the supercontinents, breakup of the Pangaean supercontinent, formation of the Earth’s modern continents, as well as sympathetic opening of each of the modern oceans is progressive, predictive, and evolutionary.

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

DeHilster: /* James Maxlow */

2017-08-06T12:40:33Z

James Maxlow

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	[[File:VogelMaxlowModels.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 22: Klaus Vogel and Dr. James Maxlow meeting in 1997 to discuss expansion tectonics and globe modeling]]		[[File:VogelMaxlowModels.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 22: Klaus Vogel and Dr. James Maxlow meeting in 1997 to discuss expansion tectonics and globe modeling]]

	Dr James Maxlow first made his earth expansion models in 1994 by constructing the orbs from styrofoam and then hand drawing and painting on paper placed over the models. He then later photographed the orbs and used two dimensional photos of the orbs at different angles depending on the characteristics he was examining and explaining. One of the advances Maxlow incorporated into his models were color-coding for geological formations and then photographing them to plot geological, and biological plots on an expanding earth. He also made models much further back in time to over a billion years and also projected 25 million years into the future.		Dr [[James Maxlow]] first made his earth expansion models in 1994 by constructing the orbs from styrofoam and then hand drawing and painting on paper placed over the models. He then later photographed the orbs and used two dimensional photos of the orbs at different angles depending on the characteristics he was examining and explaining. One of the advances Maxlow incorporated into his models were color-coding for geological formations and then photographing them to plot geological, and biological plots on an expanding earth. He also made models much further back in time to over a billion years and also projected 25 million years into the future.

	Maxlow has studied previous globe makers involving expansion tectonics and has even met with them (see Figure 22). Dr.		Maxlow has studied previous globe makers involving expansion tectonics and has even met with them (see Figure 22). Dr.

DeHilster: /* James Maxlow */

2017-03-17T22:57:46Z

James Maxlow

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	[[File:VogelMaxlowModels.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 22: Klaus Vogel and Dr. James Maxlow meeting in 1997 to discuss expansion tectonics and globe modeling]]		[[File:VogelMaxlowModels.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 22: Klaus Vogel and Dr. James Maxlow meeting in 1997 to discuss expansion tectonics and globe modeling]]

	Dr James Maxlow first made his earth expansion models in ~~1980~~ by constructing the orbs from styrofoam and then hand drawing and painting on paper placed over the models. He then later photographed the orbs and used two dimensional photos of the orbs at different angles depending on the characteristics he was examining and explaining. One of the advances Maxlow incorporated into his models were color-coding for geological formations and then photographing them to plot geological, and biological plots on an expanding earth. He also made models much further back in time to over a billion years and also projected 25 million years into the future.		Dr James Maxlow first made his earth expansion models in 1994 by constructing the orbs from styrofoam and then hand drawing and painting on paper placed over the models. He then later photographed the orbs and used two dimensional photos of the orbs at different angles depending on the characteristics he was examining and explaining. One of the advances Maxlow incorporated into his models were color-coding for geological formations and then photographing them to plot geological, and biological plots on an expanding earth. He also made models much further back in time to over a billion years and also projected 25 million years into the future.

	Dr. Maxlow has taken global modeling to a new level with his online plotting live on the internet~~. Maxlow has studied previous globe makers involving expansion tectonics and has even met with them~~ (see Figure 22).		Maxlow has studied previous globe makers involving expansion tectonics and has even met with them (see Figure 22). Dr.

			Maxlow has taken global modeling to a new level with his online plotting live on the internet (see Figure 23).

	[[File:LiveExpansionDisplayMaxlow.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 23: Expansion Tectonic Data Modeling http://www.expansiontectonics.com/e_frame.htm]]		[[File:LiveExpansionDisplayMaxlow.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 23: Expansion Tectonic Data Modeling http://www.expansiontectonics.com/e_frame.htm]]

DeHilster: /* James Maxlow */

2017-03-17T00:59:42Z

James Maxlow

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	[[File:VogelMaxlowModels.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 22: Klaus Vogel and Dr. James Maxlow meeting in 1997 to discuss expansion tectonics and globe modeling]]		[[File:VogelMaxlowModels.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 22: Klaus Vogel and Dr. James Maxlow meeting in 1997 to discuss expansion tectonics and globe modeling]]

	Dr James Maxlow first made his models in 1980 ~~from~~ constructing the orbs from styrofoam and then painting on paper placed over the models. ~~They were entirely hand made~~. One of the advances Maxlow incorporated into his models were color-coding for geological formations and then photographing them to plot geological, and biological plots on an expanding earth. He also made models much further back in time to over a billion years and also projected 25 million years into the future.		Dr James Maxlow first made his earth expansion models in 1980 by constructing the orbs from styrofoam and then hand drawing and painting on paper placed over the models. He then later photographed the orbs and used two dimensional photos of the orbs at different angles depending on the characteristics he was examining and explaining. One of the advances Maxlow incorporated into his models were color-coding for geological formations and then photographing them to plot geological, and biological plots on an expanding earth. He also made models much further back in time to over a billion years and also projected 25 million years into the future.

	Dr. Maxlow has taken global modeling to a new level with his online plotting live on the internet. Maxlow has studied previous globe makers involving expansion tectonics and has even met with them (see Figure 22).		Dr. Maxlow has taken global modeling to a new level with his online plotting live on the internet. Maxlow has studied previous globe makers involving expansion tectonics and has even met with them (see Figure 22).

	[[File:~~ExpansionTectonicDataModeling~~.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 23: Expansion Tectonic Data Modeling http://www.expansiontectonics.com/e_frame.htm]]		[[File:LiveExpansionDisplayMaxlow.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 23: Expansion Tectonic Data Modeling http://www.expansiontectonics.com/e_frame.htm]]

	== Plate Tectonics Objections for Expansion Tectonics ==		== Plate Tectonics Objections for Expansion Tectonics ==

DeHilster: /* James Maxlow */

2017-03-17T00:57:26Z

James Maxlow

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	Dr. Maxlow has taken global modeling to a new level with his online plotting live on the internet. Maxlow has studied previous globe makers involving expansion tectonics and has even met with them (see Figure 22).		Dr. Maxlow has taken global modeling to a new level with his online plotting live on the internet. Maxlow has studied previous globe makers involving expansion tectonics and has even met with them (see Figure 22).

	[[File:~~VogelMaxlowModels~~.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|~~FIgure~~ 23: Expansion Tectonic Data Modeling http://www.expansiontectonics.com/e_frame.htm]]		[[File:ExpansionTectonicDataModeling.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 23: Expansion Tectonic Data Modeling http://www.expansiontectonics.com/e_frame.htm]]

	== Plate Tectonics Objections for Expansion Tectonics ==		== Plate Tectonics Objections for Expansion Tectonics ==

DeHilster: /* Klaus Vogel */

2017-03-17T00:55:54Z

Klaus Vogel

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	Vogel (1990) also made comment that "...an accordance of these three phenomena cannot be accidental," but must be due to "...processes operating from within the interior of the Earth resulting in Earth expansion." In addition to these observations, Vogel realized that it was theoretically possible for the continents, without their continental shelves, to fit together on an even smaller Earth globe calculated to be approximately 40 percent of the size of the present Earth. He based this observation on his comment that “...the continental shelves must have formed only after the brittle upper crust had broken into pieces.” This simple observation therefore alludes to the further potential that an increase in Earth radius process has been operating throughout earlier Earth history and has been active long before the time that historical modelling of the seafloor crusts suggests.		Vogel (1990) also made comment that "...an accordance of these three phenomena cannot be accidental," but must be due to "...processes operating from within the interior of the Earth resulting in Earth expansion." In addition to these observations, Vogel realized that it was theoretically possible for the continents, without their continental shelves, to fit together on an even smaller Earth globe calculated to be approximately 40 percent of the size of the present Earth. He based this observation on his comment that “...the continental shelves must have formed only after the brittle upper crust had broken into pieces.” This simple observation therefore alludes to the further potential that an increase in Earth radius process has been operating throughout earlier Earth history and has been active long before the time that historical modelling of the seafloor crusts suggests.

			===James Maxlow===
			[[File:VogelMaxlowModels.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 22: Klaus Vogel and Dr. James Maxlow meeting in 1997 to discuss expansion tectonics and globe modeling]]

			Dr James Maxlow first made his models in 1980 from constructing the orbs from styrofoam and then painting on paper placed over the models. They were entirely hand made. One of the advances Maxlow incorporated into his models were color-coding for geological formations and then photographing them to plot geological, and biological plots on an expanding earth. He also made models much further back in time to over a billion years and also projected 25 million years into the future.

			Dr. Maxlow has taken global modeling to a new level with his online plotting live on the internet. Maxlow has studied previous globe makers involving expansion tectonics and has even met with them (see Figure 22).

			[[File:VogelMaxlowModels.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|FIgure 23: Expansion Tectonic Data Modeling http://www.expansiontectonics.com/e_frame.htm]]

	== Plate Tectonics Objections for Expansion Tectonics ==		== Plate Tectonics Objections for Expansion Tectonics ==

Jamesmaxlow: /* Small Earth Modeling */

2017-03-17T00:32:43Z

Small Earth Modeling

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	[[File:EarthOilShaleCoal.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 22 Compilation of oil and gas shale (magenta), coal (yellow), and petroleum and natural gas (green) distributions shown on the Permian increasing radius small Earth model (data after U.S. EIA report, 2013; Major Coal Deposits of the World map, 2010; World Oil and Gas Map (4th edition), 2013).]]Fossil fuel distributions on Expansion Tectonic small Earth models highlight the global interrelationships of resources coinciding with the distribution of a network of Palaeozoic continental seas and low-lying terrestrial environments. The transition from deposition of oil and gas shale to coal to petroleum and natural gas is found to be consistent with the various periods of maximum and minimum sea level changes occurring during periods of marine transgression and regression, in particular after regression of the continental seas during the Palaeozoic time periods leading to crustal breakup and opening of the modern oceans during the late-Permian (Figure 22).		[[File:EarthOilShaleCoal.jpg\|thumbnail\|550px\|Figure 22 Compilation of oil and gas shale (magenta), coal (yellow), and petroleum and natural gas (green) distributions shown on the Permian increasing radius small Earth model (data after U.S. EIA report, 2013; Major Coal Deposits of the World map, 2010; World Oil and Gas Map (4th edition), 2013).]]Fossil fuel distributions on Expansion Tectonic small Earth models highlight the global interrelationships of resources coinciding with the distribution of a network of Palaeozoic continental seas and low-lying terrestrial environments. The transition from deposition of oil and gas shale to coal to petroleum and natural gas is found to be consistent with the various periods of maximum and minimum sea level changes occurring during periods of marine transgression and regression, in particular after regression of the continental seas during the Palaeozoic time periods leading to crustal breakup and opening of the modern oceans during the late-Permian (Figure 22).

	==Small Earth ~~Modeling~~==		==Small Earth Modelling==
	In the Expansion Tectonic small Earth modelling studies of Maxlow 1995, 2001, heavy reliance is placed on the published Geological Map of the World map (CGMW & UNESCO, 1990) (Figure 8, reproduced in 24-gore sinusoidal projection) to constrain assemblage of both the oceanic and continental plates back in time. In order to constrain plate assemblages, all mathematical-based preconceptions about constant surface areas are simply ignored in order to both measure the ancient surface area of the Earth and establish a formula to determine an ancient Earth radius at any moment in time. This geological mapping and measured surface area data are then used to accurately constrain plate assemblages on small Earth geological models of the ancient Earth extending from the early-Archaean, some 4,000 million years ago, to the present-day plus one model extended to 5 million years into the future.		In the Expansion Tectonic small Earth modelling studies of Maxlow 1995, 2001, heavy reliance is placed on the published Geological Map of the World map (CGMW & UNESCO, 1990) (Figure 8, reproduced in 24-gore sinusoidal projection) to constrain assemblage of both the oceanic and continental plates back in time. In order to constrain plate assemblages, all mathematical-based preconceptions about constant surface areas are simply ignored in order to both measure the ancient surface area of the Earth and establish a formula to determine an ancient Earth radius at any moment in time. This geological mapping and measured surface area data are then used to accurately constrain plate assemblages on small Earth geological models of the ancient Earth extending from the early-Archaean, some 4,000 million years ago, to the present-day plus one model extended to 5 million years into the future.

Jamesmaxlow: /* Proposed Causal Mechanism */

2017-03-17T00:32:03Z

Proposed Causal Mechanism

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	On an increasing Earth radius model all geological phenomena now seen at surface, such as basin formation, folding, faulting, orogenesis, magmatic intrusion, mountain formation, crustal extension, continental break-up and so on, are ultimately caused by the volumetric growth in Earth mass and radius over time. These phenomena are particularly related to changes in relief of surface curvature of continental and seafloor crusts as a direct result of the subsequent increase in Earth radius and surface area over time.		On an increasing Earth radius model all geological phenomena now seen at surface, such as basin formation, folding, faulting, orogenesis, magmatic intrusion, mountain formation, crustal extension, continental break-up and so on, are ultimately caused by the volumetric growth in Earth mass and radius over time. These phenomena are particularly related to changes in relief of surface curvature of continental and seafloor crusts as a direct result of the subsequent increase in Earth radius and surface area over time.

			==Links==
			* http://www.jamesmaxlow.com
			* http://www.expansiontectonics.com
			* [http://db.naturalphilosophy.org/topic/?topicid=1 Natural Philosophy Database on Expansion Tectonics]
			* https://www.facebook.com/groups/ExpandingEarthProbability
			* https://www.facebook.com/pages/Expanding-Earth/112429568772954

	== References ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />

Jamesmaxlow: /* Proposed Causal Mechanism */

2017-03-17T00:27:21Z

Proposed Causal Mechanism

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:27, 16 March 2017
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	The proposed causal mechanism for an increase in Earth mass and radius over time is based on, but not necessarily constrained to, the input of charged solar wind related electrons and protons originating from the Sun (Eichler, 2011; Maxlow, 2014). It is envisaged that magnetically charged electrons and protons enter the Earth’s magnetosphere and lower terrestrial layers primarily at the polar auroral zones and, to a lesser extent, as random lightning strikes during electrical storms. These magnetically charged particles are further attracted by conduction to the strongly magnetic core-mantle region of the Earth. The elevated core-mantle temperatures and pressures present enable the various particles to dissipate and recombine via nucleosynthesis as new matter within the upper core or lower mantle regions, in particular within the 200 to 300 kilometres thick D” region located at the base of the mantle directly above the core-mantle boundary.		The proposed causal mechanism for an increase in Earth mass and radius over time is based on, but not necessarily constrained to, the input of charged solar wind related electrons and protons originating from the Sun (Eichler, 2011; Maxlow, 2014). It is envisaged that magnetically charged electrons and protons enter the Earth’s magnetosphere and lower terrestrial layers primarily at the polar auroral zones and, to a lesser extent, as random lightning strikes during electrical storms. These magnetically charged particles are further attracted by conduction to the strongly magnetic core-mantle region of the Earth. The elevated core-mantle temperatures and pressures present enable the various particles to dissipate and recombine via nucleosynthesis as new matter within the upper core or lower mantle regions, in particular within the 200 to 300 kilometres thick D” region located at the base of the mantle directly above the core-mantle boundary.

			Another proposed model for expansion and mass increase come from [[Robert de Hilster\|de Hilster]] and [[David de Hilster\|de Hilster's]] [[Particle Model]]. Similar to charged solar wind, the de Hilster's propose that nucleons of atoms combine with G1 particles (a particle that replaces the electron and electricity) to recombine into atoms within the earth. They claim that the particles mostly enter the south pole thus explaining the disproportionally larger expansion in the southern hemisphere.

	It is envisaged that new matter is synthesised mainly within the reactive upper core or D” region of the lower mantle which in turn results in an increase in Earth mass. This growth of new matter and increase in mass causes the mantle to increase in volume. This increase in volume is then transferred to the Earth’s outer surface crust via two primary mechanisms.		It is envisaged that new matter is synthesised mainly within the reactive upper core or D” region of the lower mantle which in turn results in an increase in Earth mass. This growth of new matter and increase in mass causes the mantle to increase in volume. This increase in volume is then transferred to the Earth’s outer surface crust via two primary mechanisms.
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	The approximately 310 million year time interval between the beginning of the Cambrian to the end of the Permian Periods is the Palaeozoic Era and on an increasing radius Earth this era represents a time when Earth mass, radius and surface area gradually increased from a steady to steadily accelerating rate of change. Again, this increasing rate of change in mass and radius may have been the result of an increasing Earth magnetic field intensity, as well as increased changes to output of charged solar particles from the Sun.		The approximately 310 million year time interval between the beginning of the Cambrian to the end of the Permian Periods is the Palaeozoic Era and on an increasing radius Earth this era represents a time when Earth mass, radius and surface area gradually increased from a steady to steadily accelerating rate of change. Again, this increasing rate of change in mass and radius may have been the result of an increasing Earth magnetic field intensity, as well as increased changes to output of charged solar particles from the Sun.

	The end of the Permian Period is marked by a breakup of the Pangaean supercontinent to form the modern continents and opening of the modern oceans. The following Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras represent a time of dispersion of the modern continents, ongoing opening of the modern oceans, and a rapidly accelerating rate of change in Earth mass, radius, and surface curvature.		The end of the Permian Period is marked by a breakup of the Pangaean supercontinent to form the modern continents and opening of the modern oceans. The following Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras represent a time of dispersion of the modern continents, ongoing opening of the modern oceans, and a rapidly accelerating rate of change in Earth mass, radius, and surface curvature.