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	<id>http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Charles_E_R_Bruce</id>
	<title>Charles E R Bruce - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-04-10T07:43:54Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?title=Charles_E_R_Bruce&amp;diff=26342&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Imported from text file</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?title=Charles_E_R_Bruce&amp;diff=26342&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2017-01-02T13:17:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Imported from text file&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 09:17, 2 January 2017&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientist|Bruce Charles]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientist|Bruce Charles]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Electric Universe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Electric Universe&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|Bruce Charles&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
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	<entry>
		<id>http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?title=Charles_E_R_Bruce&amp;diff=13682&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Imported from text file</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?title=Charles_E_R_Bruce&amp;diff=13682&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2016-12-30T19:33:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Imported from text file&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 15:33, 30 December 2016&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l15&quot;&gt;Line 15:&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;dl&amp;gt;&amp;lt;dd&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Similarity between quantities he had calculated from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_principles first principles] in his work on lightning, and values deduced from astrophysical observations, led Charles Bruce to the conclusion that most [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics astrophysical] phenomena could be interpreted as the results of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge electrical discharges] on the cosmic scale. The idea totally captured his imagination, and he   developed it with great vigour in a series of about fifty publications,   being greatly encouraged in this work by two highly respected   astrophysicists, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_%28astronomer%29 [Sydney] Chapman] at Oxford and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.J.M._Stratton [F.J.M.] Stratton] at Cambridge.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;sup id=&amp;quot;cite_ref-0&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;reference&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruce_%28physicist%29#cite_note-0 &amp;lt;span&amp;gt;[&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/dd&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/dl&amp;gt;   In 1952, he submitted his papers on electrical discharges to Edinburgh University and was subsequently awarded a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_of_Science Doctorate of Science]. He was also awarded the Silver Pen from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute Franklin Institute] for his writing skills. - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruce_%28physicist%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruce_%28physicist%29]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;dl&amp;gt;&amp;lt;dd&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Similarity between quantities he had calculated from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_principles first principles] in his work on lightning, and values deduced from astrophysical observations, led Charles Bruce to the conclusion that most [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics astrophysical] phenomena could be interpreted as the results of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge electrical discharges] on the cosmic scale. The idea totally captured his imagination, and he   developed it with great vigour in a series of about fifty publications,   being greatly encouraged in this work by two highly respected   astrophysicists, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_%28astronomer%29 [Sydney] Chapman] at Oxford and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.J.M._Stratton [F.J.M.] Stratton] at Cambridge.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;sup id=&amp;quot;cite_ref-0&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;reference&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruce_%28physicist%29#cite_note-0 &amp;lt;span&amp;gt;[&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/dd&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/dl&amp;gt;   In 1952, he submitted his papers on electrical discharges to Edinburgh University and was subsequently awarded a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_of_Science Doctorate of Science]. He was also awarded the Silver Pen from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute Franklin Institute] for his writing skills. - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruce_%28physicist%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruce_%28physicist%29]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientist]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Scientist&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|Bruce Charles&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Electric Universe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Category:Electric Universe]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?title=Charles_E_R_Bruce&amp;diff=11816&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Imported from text file</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://naturalphilosophy.org/wiki/index.php?title=Charles_E_R_Bruce&amp;diff=11816&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2016-12-30T18:35:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Imported from text file&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Infobox scientist&lt;br /&gt;
| name = Charles E. R. Bruce&lt;br /&gt;
| image = Charles E R Bruce 2133.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| alt = Charles E. R. Bruce&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date = {{birth date|1902|00|00|mf=y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| death_date = {{birth date|1979|12|30|mf=y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| residence = Edinburgh, SCOTLAND, United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;
| known_for = [[Electric Discharge]], [[Electric Universe]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;Charles Edward Rhodes Bruce&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt; (C.E.R. Bruce), MA., DSc., FIEE., FInstP., (1902 near [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow Glasgow] ? 30 Dec 1979) was a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland Scottish] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysicist astrophysicist] and writer.  He was educated at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University Edinburgh University] where he finished with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Class_Honours First Class Honours] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics Mathematics] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Philosophy Natural Philosophy].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1924 he joined the Electrical Research Association (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERA_Technology_Ltd ERA Technology Ltd]) in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhead Leatherhead], England, where he began analysing the operation of oil [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker circuit-breakers]. An interest in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc electrical arcing] developed into a study of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning lightning] discharges, where&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;dl&amp;gt;&amp;lt;dd&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Similarity between quantities he had calculated from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_principles first principles] in his work on lightning, and values deduced from astrophysical observations, led Charles Bruce to the conclusion that most [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics astrophysical] phenomena could be interpreted as the results of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge electrical discharges] on the cosmic scale. The idea totally captured his imagination, and he   developed it with great vigour in a series of about fifty publications,   being greatly encouraged in this work by two highly respected   astrophysicists, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_%28astronomer%29 [Sydney] Chapman] at Oxford and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.J.M._Stratton [F.J.M.] Stratton] at Cambridge.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;sup id=&amp;quot;cite_ref-0&amp;quot; class=&amp;quot;reference&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruce_%28physicist%29#cite_note-0 &amp;lt;span&amp;gt;[&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/dd&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/dl&amp;gt;   In 1952, he submitted his papers on electrical discharges to Edinburgh University and was subsequently awarded a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_of_Science Doctorate of Science]. He was also awarded the Silver Pen from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute Franklin Institute] for his writing skills. - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruce_%28physicist%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruce_%28physicist%29]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Scientist]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Electric Universe]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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