View source for Extension:Math/CoverageTest

THIS IS TEMPLATE THAT GENERATES THE PHPUNIT COVERAGE TESTS FOR THE MATH EXTENSION The text is ignored only the content of the math tags is used

{{TNT|shortcut|WP:MATH|WP:MATHS|Help:Math}}

{{redirect6|WP:MATH" and "WP:MATHS|the WikiProject on mathematics|Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics|Wikipedia's mathematics style manual|Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)|the mathematics reference desk|Wikipedia:Reference desk/Mathematics}}

[[MediaWiki]] uses a subset of [[AMS-LaTeX]] markup, a superset of [[LaTeX]] markup which is in turn a superset of [[TeX]] markup, for mathematical formulae. It generates [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] images by default. Alternatively the [[MathJax]] renderer can be used, this uses a combination of HTML and CSS to display the equation, it can be selected in the [[Help:Preferences|user preferences]].

Although, in all cases mentioned, {{TeX}} is generated by [[Compiler|compilation]], and not by an interpreter program, there is one essential difference between, e.g., [[Donald Knuth|Knuth]]'s [[TeX]] or [[Leslie Lamport|Lamport]]'s [[LaTeX]] and the present implementation: whereas in the first two cases the compiler typically generates an ''all-in-one'' printable output, which has the quality of a whole book with all chapters, sections and subsections, and where no line is "special", in the present case one has, typically, a mixture of {{TeX}} images (more precisely: PNG images) for the equations, embedded into usual text, and with short {{TeX}} elements usually replaced by HTML parts. As a consequence, in many cases TeX-elements, e.g. vector symbols, "stick out" below (or above) the text line. This "sticking out" is ''not''&nbsp; the case in the above-mentioned original products, and the HTML-substitutes for small {{TeX}} additions to the text are often insufficient in quality for many readers. In spite of these shortcomings, the present product characterized by "many embedded PNG-images" should be preferred for small texts, where the equations do not dominate.

More precisely, MediaWiki filters the markup through [[Wikipedia:Texvc|Texvc]], which in turn passes the commands to {{TeX}} or [[MathJax]] for the actual [[Rendering (computer graphics)|render]]ing. Thus, only a limited part of the full {{TeX}} language is supported; see below for details.

To have math rendered in a particular MediaWiki installation, one has to set <source lang="php" enclose="none">$wgUseTeX = true;</source> in [[mw:Manual:LocalSettings.php|LocalSettings.php]].

== Basics ==

Math markup goes inside {{tag|math}}.

The {{TeX}} code has to be put literally: MediaWiki templates, predefined templates, and parameters cannot be used within math tags: pairs of double braces are ignored and "#" gives an error message. However, math tags work in the then and else part of #if, etc. See {{tim|Demo of attempt to use parameters within TeX}} for more information.

=== LaTeX commands ===

LaTeX commands are case-sensitive, and take one of the following two formats:

* They start with a backslash \ and then have a name consisting of letters only. Command names are terminated by a space, a number or any other "non-letter".
* They consist of a backslash \ and exactly one non-letter.

Some commands need an argument, which has to be given between curly braces { } after the command name. Some commands support optional parameters, which are added after the command name in square brackets []. The general syntax is:

 \commandname[option1,option2,...]{argument1}{argument2}...

=== Special characters ===

The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under LaTeX or are unavailable in all the fonts. If you enter them directly in your text, they will normally not render, but rather do things you did not intend.

 # $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \

These characters can be entered by adding a prefix backslash:

 \# \$ \% \textasciicircum{} \& \_ \{ \} \~{} \textbackslash{}

The other symbols and many more can be rendered with special commands in mathematical formulae or as accents.

The backslash character \ can ''not'' be entered by adding another backslash in front of it (\\); this sequence is used for line breaking. For introducing a backslash in math mode, you can use \backslash instead.

The command \~ produces a tilde which is placed over the next letter. For example \~n gives ñ. To produce just the character ~, use \~{} which places a ~ over an empty box. Alternatively \sim produces a large centred ~ which may be more appropriate in some situations, but may not render properly in simple expressions which are converted to HTML.

Similarly, the command \^ produces a hat over the next character, for example \^{o} produces ô. If you need in text to display the ^ symbol you have to use \textasciicircum.

=== Spaces ===

"Whitespace" characters, such as blank or tab, are treated uniformly as "space" by LaTeX. Several consecutive whitespace characters are treated as one "space". See [[#Spacing|below]] for commands that produces spaces of different size.

=== LaTeX environments ===

''Environments'' in LaTeX have a role that is quite similar to commands, but they usually have effect on a wider part of formula. Their syntax is:
<source lang="latex">
 \begin{environmentname}
   text to be influenced
 \end{environmentname}
</source>
Environments supported by Wikipedia include ''matrix'', ''align'', etc. See [[#Fractions, matrices, multilines|below]].

=== Rendering ===

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
| <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
| style="background-color:red;" | <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
| style="background-color:red;" | <math>\definecolor{red}{RGB}{255,0,0}\pagecolor{red}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
|}

By default, the PNG images are rendered black on white, with a transparent background. On darker backgrounds, the characters may show white edges. To remove these, match the PNG background color with the background color of the page using <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\pagecolor</source>. However, black text on a dark background is hard to read and should be avoided altogether where possible.

The colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem (see [[bugzilla:32694|bug 32694]]). The [[Help:User style#CSS selectors|css selector]] of the images is <source lang="latex" enclose="none">img.tex</source>.

The [[WP:ALT|alt text]] of the PNG images, which is displayed to visually impaired and other readers who cannot see the images, and is also used when the text is selected and copied, defaults to the wikitext that produced the image, excluding the <code><nowiki><math></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></math></nowiki></code>. You can override this by explicitly specifying an <source lang="latex" enclose="none">alt</source> attribute for the <source lang="latex" enclose="none">math</source> element. For example, <source lang="latex" enclose="none"><math alt="Square root of pi">\sqrt{\pi}</math></source> generates an image <math alt="square root of pi">\sqrt{\pi}</math> whose alt text is "Square root of pi". This should not be confused with the ''title'' attribute that produces popup text when the hovering over the PNG image, for example <source lang="latex" enclose="none"><math title="pi">\pi</math></source> generates an image <math title="pi">\pi</math> whose popup text is "pi".

Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics, variables and letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\text</source>, <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mbox</source>, or <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathrm</source>. You can also define new function names using <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\operatorname{...}</source>. For example, <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\text{abc}</source> gives <math>\text{abc}</math>.

Latex does not have full support for Unicode characters and not all characters render. Most Latin characters with accents render correctly. However some do not, in particular those that include multiple diacritics (e.g. with Latin letters used in Vietnamese) or that cannot be precomposed into a single character (such as the uppercase Latin letter W with ring), or that use other diacritics (like the ogonek or the double grave accent, used in Central European languages like Polish, or the horn attached above some vowels in Vietnamese), or other modified letter forms (used in IPA notations, or African languages, or in medieval texts), some digram ligatures (like Ĳ in Dutch), or Latin letters borrowed from Greek, or small capitals, as well as superscripts and subscript letters. For example <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\text{ð}</source> or <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mbox{ð}</source>, and <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\text{þ}</source> or <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mbox{þ}</source> (used in Icelandic) will give errors.

== {{TeX}} vs HTML ==
{{{{TNTN|Main}}|Wikipedia:Rendering math}}
Before using {{TeX}} markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML, with [[Template:Math]] or [[Template:Bigmath]] (also see: [[Help:Special characters]]).

{| class="wikitable" border=1 <!--set cell borders for MSIE browsers-->
|-
! {{TeX}} syntax
! {{TeX}} rendering
! HTML syntax
! HTML rendering
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\alpha\,\!</source>
| <math>\alpha\,\!</math>
| <source lang="html5" enclose="none">{{math|<VAR>&alpha;</VAR>}}</source>
| {{math|''&alpha;''}}
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">f(x) = x^2\,\!</source>
| <math> f(x) = x^2\,\!</math>
| <source lang="html5" enclose="none">{{math|''f''(<var>x</var>) {{=}} <var>x</var><sup>2</sup>}}</source>
| {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>2</sup>}}
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\sqrt{2}</source>
| <math>\sqrt{2}</math>
| <source lang="html5" enclose="none">{{math|{{radical|2}}}}</source>
| {{math|{{radical|2}}}}
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\sqrt{1-e^2}</source>
| <math>\sqrt{1-e^2}\!</math>
| <source lang="html5" enclose="none">{{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''<sup>2</sup>}}}}</source>
| {{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''<sup>2</sup>}}}}
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\sqrt{1-z^3}</source>
| <math>\sqrt{1-z^3}\!</math>
| <source lang="html5" enclose="none">{{bigmath|{{radical|1 &minus; ''z''<sup>3</sup>}}}}</source>
| {{bigmath|{{radical|1 &minus; ''z''<sup>3</sup>}} }}
|}

The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for ‘=’.

{| class="wikitable" border=1 <!--set border for MSIE browsers-->
|-
! Syntax
! Rendering
|- valign="middle"
|
<pre>&amp;alpha; &amp;beta; &amp;gamma; &amp;delta; &amp;epsilon; &amp;zeta;
&amp;eta; &amp;theta; &amp;iota; &amp;kappa; &amp;lambda; &amp;mu; &amp;nu;
&amp;xi; &amp;omicron; &amp;pi; &amp;rho; &amp;sigma; &amp;sigmaf;
&amp;tau; &amp;upsilon; &amp;phi; &amp;chi; &amp;psi; &amp;omega;</pre>
|
α β γ δ ε ζ <br>
η θ ι κ λ μ ν <br>
ξ ο π ρ σ ς <br>
τ υ φ χ ψ ω <br>
|- valign="middle"
|
<pre>&amp;Gamma; &amp;Delta; &amp;Theta; &amp;Lambda; &amp;Xi; &amp;Pi;
&amp;Sigma; &amp;Phi; &amp;Psi; &amp;Omega;</pre>
|
Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π <br>
Σ Φ Ψ Ω
|- valign="middle"
| <pre>&amp;int; &amp;sum; &amp;prod; &amp;radic; &amp;minus; &amp;plusmn; &amp;infin;
&amp;asymp; &amp;prop; = &amp;equiv; &amp;ne; &amp;le; &amp;ge;
&amp;times; &amp;middot; &amp;sdot; &amp;divide; &amp;part; &amp;prime; &amp;Prime;
&amp;nabla; &amp;permil; &amp;deg; &amp;there4; &amp;empty;</pre>
|
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞<br />
≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥<br />
× · ⋅ ÷ ∂ ′ ″<br />
∇ ‰ ° ∴ ∅
|- valign="middle"
| <pre>&amp;isin; &amp;notin; &amp;cap; &amp;cup; &amp;sub; &amp;sup; &amp;sube; &amp;supe;
&amp;not; &amp;and; &amp;or; &amp;exist; &amp;forall;
&amp;rArr; &amp;hArr; &amp;rarr; &amp;harr; &amp;uarr; &amp;darr;
&amp;alefsym; - &amp;ndash; &amp;mdash;</pre>
|
∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇<br>
¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀<br />
⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑ ↓<br />
ℵ - – —
|}

The project has settled on using both HTML and {{TeX}} because each has advantages in some situations.

=== Pros of HTML ===

# Formulas in HTML behave more like regular text. In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text and, to some degree, can be copied-and-pasted (this is not a problem if {{TeX}} is rendered using [[w:MathJax|MathJax]], and the alignment should not be a problem for PNG rendering once [[bugzilla:32694|bug 32694]] is fixed).
# The formula’s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents (this can be fixed on {{TeX}} formulas by using the commands [[#Color|<source lang="latex" enclose="none">\pagecolor</source> and <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\definecolor</source>]]) and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.
# Pages using HTML code for formulae will load faster and they will create less clutter on your hard disk.
# Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
# The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.
# The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to {{TeX}} or any other code as needed. It can even contain differences {{TeX}} does not normally catch, e.g. <source lang="html5" enclose="none">{{math|''i''}}</source> for the [[w:imaginary unit|imaginary unit]] and <source lang="html5" enclose="none">{{math|<var>i</var>}}</source> for an arbitrary index variable.
# Unlike generated bitmaps, HTML is not sensitive to [[w:Dots per Inch|dots per inch]] variances between viewing platforms.

=== Pros of {{TeX}} ===

# {{TeX}} is semantically more precise than HTML.
## In {{TeX}}, "<source lang="latex" enclose="none">x</source>" means "mathematical variable <math>x</math>", whereas in HTML "<source lang="latex" enclose="none">x</source>" is generic and somewhat ambiguous.
## On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "<source lang="html5" enclose="none">{{math|<var>x</var>}}</source>", you get the same visual result {{math|''x''}} and no information is lost. This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it. However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering if no other rendering options are available (such as [[w:MathJax|MathJax]], which is available to logged in users as an [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preferences]] opt-in).
# One consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that {{TeX}} code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa.{{ref|dilHTML}} This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc. Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of {{TeX}}. It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents. It is more a reason to [[#Bug reports|help improve the situation]].
# Another consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that {{TeX}} can be converted to [[w:MathML|MathML]] (e.g. by MathJax) for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader’s graphic device.
# {{TeX}} is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in {{TeX}}.
# {{TeX}} has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.
# Once a formula is done correctly in {{TeX}}, it will render reliably, whereas the success of HTML formulae is somewhat dependent on browsers or versions of browsers. Another aspect of this dependency is fonts: the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs. While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare&nbsp;‘&nbsp;''{{IPA|a&#773;}}''&nbsp;’ and&nbsp;‘&nbsp;''a̅''&nbsp;’).
# When writing in {{TeX}}, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor’s intentions on a different browser.{{ref|browsupp}}
# {{TeX}} formulae, by default, render larger and are usually more readable than HTML formulae and are not dependent on client-side browser resources, such as fonts, and so the results are more reliably WYSIWYG.
# While {{TeX}} does not assist you in finding HTML codes or Unicode values (which you can obtain by viewing the HTML source in your browser), copying and pasting from a {{TeX}} PNG image in Wikipedia into simple text will return the LaTeX source.

: <small>{{note|dilHTML}} unless your wikitext follows the style of point&nbsp;1.2</small>
: <small>{{note|entHTML}} The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &amp;ndash; for &lsquo;&ndash;&rsquo; and &amp;minus; for &lsquo;&minus;&rsquo;).</small>

In some cases it may be the best choice to use neither {{TeX}} nor the HTML substitutes, but instead the simple ASCII symbols of a standard keyboard (see hereafter, for an example).

=== Math Jax ===

The [[MathJax]] renderer, selectable through [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|My Preferences - Appearance - Math]], uses a very different system to the standard texvc renderer. Rather than rendering a static image on the server side a combination of JavaScript, HTML and CSS is used to locally construct the formula. This allows high-quality typesetting, and other problems such as font sizes not matching your browser settings or wrong baselines are fixed as well. MathJax may also reduce the download time of images but entails a small delay as the JavaScript interpreter runs to render the formulas.

Alternatively to the preferences option, MathJax can also be selected using the [[User:Nageh/mathJax|mathJax]] user script. It is the basis for the global option, and hence more experimental but also more up to date. Bug reports are taken care of at the script's [[User talk:Nageh/mathJax|talk page]].

The quality of font rendering is dependent on your browser and operating system. Speed and appearance can be improved by installing the [[STIX Fonts project|STIX fonts]]; for installation details see the [http://www.mathjax.org/help/fonts/ MathJax font help] page. Further information is also available at [[User:Nageh/mathJax|this page]].

= Formatting using {{TeX}} =

== Functions, symbols, special characters ==
<!-- Eight symbols per line seems to be optimal -->

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Accents/diacritics ===
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a} </source>
| <math>\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a} </source>
| <math>\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a} </source>
| <math>\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Standard numerical functions ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m </source>
| <math>\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\ln c, \lg d = \log e, \log_{10} f </source>
| <math>\ln c, \lg d = \log e, \log_{10} f \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec e, \csc f</source>
| <math>\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec e, \csc f\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\arcsin h, \arccos i, \arctan j </source>
| <math>\arcsin h, \arccos i, \arctan j \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\sinh k, \cosh l, \tanh m, \coth n </source>
| <math>\sinh k, \cosh l, \tanh m, \coth n \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\operatorname{sh}\,k, \operatorname{ch}\,l, \operatorname{th}\,m, \operatorname{coth}\,n </source>
| <math>\operatorname{sh}\,k, \operatorname{ch}\,l, \operatorname{th}\,m, \operatorname{coth}\,n \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\operatorname{argsh}\,o, \operatorname{argch}\,p, \operatorname{argth}\,q </source>
| <math>\operatorname{argsh}\,o, \operatorname{argch}\,p, \operatorname{argth}\,q \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\sgn r, \left\vert s \right\vert </source>
| <math>\sgn r, \left\vert s \right\vert \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\min(x,y), \max(x,y) </source>
| <math>\min(x,y), \max(x,y) \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Bounds ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t </source>
| <math>\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w </source>
| <math>\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi </source>
| <math>\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Projections ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z </source>
| <math>\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Differentials and derivatives ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">dt, \operatorname{d}\!t, \partial t, \nabla\psi</source>
| <math>dt, \operatorname{d}\!t, \partial t, \nabla\psi\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">dy/dx, \operatorname{d}\!y/\operatorname{d}\!x, {dy \over dx}, {\operatorname{d}\!y\over\operatorname{d}\!x}, {\partial^2\over\partial x_1\partial x_2}y </source>
| <math>dy/dx, \operatorname{d}\!y/\operatorname{d}\!x, {dy \over dx}, {\operatorname{d}\!y\over\operatorname{d}\!x}, {\partial^2\over\partial x_1\partial x_2}y \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)}, \dot y, \ddot y </source>
| <math>\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)} \!, \dot y, \ddot y</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Letter-like symbols or constants ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\infty, \aleph, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar </source>
| <math>\infty, \aleph, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS </source>
| <math>\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Modular arithmetic ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} </source>
| <math>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">a\,\bmod\,b </source>
| <math>a\,\bmod\,b \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)</source>
| <math>\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid </source>
| <math>\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Radicals ===
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{}, \sqrt[3]{x^3+y^3 \over 2} </source>
| <math>\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{}, \sqrt[3]{x^3+y^3 \over 2} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Operators ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus </source>
| <math>+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash </source>
| <math>\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet </source>
| <math>\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot </source>
| <math>\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot</source>
| <math>\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast </source>
| <math>\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot </source>
| <math>\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Sets ===
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\{ \}, \O \empty \emptyset, \varnothing </source>
| <math>\{ \}, \O \empty \emptyset, \varnothing \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni </source>
| <math>\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap </source>
| <math>\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus </source>
| <math>\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\setminus, \smallsetminus, \times </source>
| <math>\setminus, \smallsetminus, \times \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset </source>
| <math>\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset </source>
| <math>\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq </source>
| <math>\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq </source>
| <math>\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq </source>
| <math>\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq </source>
| <math>\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Relations ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">=, \ne, \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv </source>
| <math>=, \ne, \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\doteq, \doteqdot, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, := </source>
| <math>\doteq, \doteqdot, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, := \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong </source>
| <math>\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto </source>
| <math>\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none"><, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot </source>
| <math><, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot </source>
| <math>>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\le \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq </source>
| <math>\le \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\ge \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq </source>
| <math>\ge \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless </source>
| <math>\lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless </source>
| <math>\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr </source>
| <math>\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox </source>
| <math>\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none"> \gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox </source>
| <math> \gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox \,</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq </source>
| <math>\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq </source>
| <math>\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec </source>
| <math>\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec \,</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc </source>
| <math>\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc \,</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox </source>
| <math>\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox \,</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox </source>
| <math>\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox \,</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Geometric ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel </source>
| <math>\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ </source>
| <math>\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Box, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar </source>
| <math>\Box, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\bigcirc, \triangle \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown </source>
| <math>\bigcirc, \triangle \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\vartriangle, \triangledown </source>
| <math>\vartriangle, \triangledown\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright </source>
| <math>\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Logic ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\forall, \exists, \nexists </source>
| <math>\forall, \exists, \nexists \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\therefore, \because, \And </source>
| <math>\therefore, \because, \And \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\or \lor \vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee </source>
| <math>\or \lor \vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\and \land \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge </source>
| <math>\and \land \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\bar{q}, \bar{abc}, \overline{q}, \overline{abc}, </source><br />
<source lang="latex" enclose="none">\lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top</source>
| <math>\bar{q}, \bar{abc}, \overline{q}, \overline{abc}, \!</math><br />
<math>\lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\vdash \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models </source>
| <math>\vdash \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash </source>
| <math>\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner </source>
| <math>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner \,</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Arrows ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow </source>
| <math>\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow \implies </source>
| <math>\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow \implies\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow </source>
| <math>\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow \iff </source>
| <math>\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow \iff \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow </source>
| <math>\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\rightarrow \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow </source>
| <math>\rightarrow \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\leftarrow \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow </source>
| <math>\leftarrow \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow </source>
| <math>\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow </source>
| <math>\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow </source>
| <math>\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mapsto, \longmapsto </source>
| <math>\mapsto, \longmapsto \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons</source>
| <math>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright</source>
| <math>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft</source>
| <math>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow </source>
| <math>\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Special ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\amalg \P \S \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots </source>
| <math>\amalg \P \S \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright</source>
| <math>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright\!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp </source>
| <math>\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|

=== Unsorted (new stuff) ===
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes </source>
| <math>\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq </source>
| <math>\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork </source>
| <math>\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright </source>
| <math>\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq </source>
| <math>\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq \!</math>
|}

For a little more semantics on these symbols, see the brief [http://www.math.upenn.edu/tex-stuff/cookbook.pdf TeX Cookbook].

== Larger expressions ==

=== Subscripts, superscripts, integrals ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|-
! Feature !! Syntax !! How it looks rendered
|-
| Superscript
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">a^2</source> || <math>a^2</math>
|-
| Subscript
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">a_2</source> || <math>a_2</math>
|-
| rowspan="2"| Grouping
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">10^{30} a^{2+2}</source> || <math>10^{30} a^{2+2}</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">a_{i,j} b_{f'}</source> || <math>a_{i,j} b_{f'}</math>
|-
| rowspan="2"| Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">x_2^3</source> || <math>x_2^3</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">{x_2}^3</source> || <math>{x_2}^3 \,\!</math>
|-
| Super super
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">10^{10^{8}}</source> || <math>10^{10^{8}}</math>
|-
| rowspan="2"| Preceding and/or additional sub & super
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</source> || <math>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</source> || <math>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</math>
|-
| rowspan="4"| Stacking
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</source> || <math>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</source> || <math>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</source> || <math>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</source> || <math>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
| rowspan="2"| Derivatives
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">x', y'', f', f''</source> || <math>x', y'', f', f''</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</source> || <math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</math>
|-
| Derivative dots
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</source> || <math>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</math>
|-
| rowspan="3"| Underlines, overlines, vectors
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</source> || <math> \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</source> || <math> \overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</math>
|-
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</source> || <math> \overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</math>
|-
| Arc (workaround)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\overset{\frown} {AB}</source> || <math>\overset{\frown} {AB}</math>
|-
| Arrows
| <source lang="text" enclose="none"> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</source> || <math> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</math>
|-
| Overbraces
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</source> || <math>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</math>
|-
| Underbraces
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</source> || <math>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</math>
|-
| Sum
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</source> || <math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
| Sum (force&nbsp;<source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle</source>)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 </source> || <math>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
| Sum in a fraction (default <source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle</source>)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\frac{\sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</source> || <math>\frac{\sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</math>
|-
| Sum in a fraction (force <source lang="text" enclose="none">\displaystyle</source>)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</source> || <math>\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</math>
|-
| Sum in a fraction (alternative limits style)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\frac{\sum\limits^{^N}_{k=1} k^2}{a}</source> || <math>\frac{\sum\limits^{^N}_{k=1} k^2}{a}</math>
|-
| Product
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</source> || <math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
| Product (force&nbsp;<source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle</source>)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</source> || <math>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
| Coproduct
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</source> || <math>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
| Coproduct (force&nbsp;<source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle</source>)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</source> || <math>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
| Limit
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</source> || <math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
| Limit (force&nbsp;<source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle</source>)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</source> || <math>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
| Integral
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</source> || <math>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
| Integral (alternative limits style)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</source> || <math>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
| Integral (force&nbsp;<source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle</source>)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</source> || <math>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|-
| Integral (force&nbsp;<source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle</source>, alternative limits style)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</source> || <math>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|-
| Double integral
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</source> || <math>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</math>
|-
| Triple integral
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</source> || <math>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</math>
|-
| Quadruple integral
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</source> || <math>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</math>
|-
| Line or path integral
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\int_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</source> || <math>\int_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
| Closed line or path integral
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\oint_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</source> || <math>\oint_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
| Intersections
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\bigcap_{i=_1}^n E_i</source> || <math>\bigcap_{i=_1}^n E_i</math>
|-
| Unions
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\bigcup_{i=_1}^n E_i</source> || <math>\bigcup_{i=_1}^n E_i</math>
|}

=== Fractions, matrices, multilines ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| Fractions
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\frac{2}{4}=0.5</source> or <source lang="text" enclose="none">{2 \over 4}=0.5</source>
| <math>\frac{2}{4}=0.5</math>
|-
| Small fractions
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5</source>
| <math>\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5</math>
|-
| Large (normal) fractions
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a </source>
| <math>\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a</math>
|-
| Large (nested) fractions
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a</source>
| <math>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a</math>
|-
| Cancellations in fractions
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\cfrac{x}{1 + \cfrac{\cancel{y}}{\cancel{y}}} = \cfrac{x}{2}</source>
| <math>\cfrac{x}{1 + \cfrac{\cancel{y}}{\cancel{y}}} = \cfrac{x}{2}</math>
|-
| Binomial coefficients
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\binom{n}{k}</source>
| <math>\binom{n}{k}</math>
|-
| Small binomial coefficients
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\tbinom{n}{k}</source>
| <math>\tbinom{n}{k}</math>
|-
| Large (normal) binomial coefficients
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\dbinom{n}{k}</source>
| <math>\dbinom{n}{k}</math>
|-
| rowspan="7" | Matrices
| <source lang="latex">\begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{matrix}</source>
| <math>\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{matrix}</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex">\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{vmatrix}</source>
| <math>\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{vmatrix}</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex">\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</source>
| <math>\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex">\begin{bmatrix}
0 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}</source>
| <math>\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots
& \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots &
0\end{bmatrix} </math>
|-
| <source lang="latex">\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</source>
| <math>\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex">\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{pmatrix}</source>
| <math>\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{pmatrix}</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex">
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</source>
| <math>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</math>
|-
| Case distinctions
| <source lang="latex">
f(n) =
\begin{cases}
n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd}
\end{cases}</source>
| <math>f(n) =
\begin{cases}
n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd}
\end{cases} </math>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Multiline equations
| <source lang="latex">
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</source>
| <math>
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex">
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</source>
| <math>
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</math>
|-
| Multiline equations <small>(must define number of columns used ({lcr}) (should not be used unless needed)</small>
| <source lang="latex">
\begin{array}{lcl}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</source>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcl}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</math>
|-
| Multiline equations (more)
| <source lang="latex">
\begin{array}{lcr}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</source>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcr}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</math>
|-
| Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary, at the expense of destroying correct spacing
| <source lang="latex">
<nowiki>
<math>f(x) \,\!</math>
<math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
<math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
</nowiki>
</source>
| <math>f(x) \,\!</math><math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math><math>= a_0 +a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
|-
| Simultaneous equations
| <source lang="latex">\begin{cases}
3x + 5y + z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z
\end{cases}</source>
| <math>\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}</math>
|-
| Arrays
| <source lang="latex">
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
</source>
| <math>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
</math>
|}

=== Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature !! Syntax !! How it looks rendered
|-
| Bad
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">( \frac{1}{2} )</source>
| <math>( \frac{1}{2} )</math>
|-
| Good
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</source>
| <math>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</math>
|}

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| Parentheses
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</source>
| <math>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</math>
|-
| Brackets
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad</source><br/> <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</source>
| <math>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</math>
|-
| Braces
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad</source><br/> <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</source>
| <math>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</math>
|-
| Angle brackets
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</source>
| <math>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</math>
|-
| Bars and double bars
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \quad</source><br/> <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</source>
| <math>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \quad \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</math>
|-
| Floor and ceiling functions:
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \quad</source><br/> <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</source>
| <math>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \quad \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</math>
|-
| Slashes and backslashes
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</source>
| <math>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</math>
|-
| Up, down, and up-down arrows
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad</source><br/> <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad</source><br/> <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</source>
| <math>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</math>
|-
| Delimiters can be mixed,<br>as long as \left and \right match
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\left [ 0,1 \right )</source><br/> <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\left \langle \psi \right |</source>
| <math>\left [ 0,1 \right )</math><br/> <math>\left \langle \psi \right |</math>
|-
| Use \left. and \right. if you<br/> do not want a delimiter to appear
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</source>
| <math>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</math>
|-
| rowspan="7" | Size of the delimiters
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]</source>
| <math>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots</source><br/> <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</source>
| <math>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</source>
| <math>\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots</source><br/> <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</source>
| <math>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots</source><br/> <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</source>
| <math>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots</source><br/> <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</source>
| <math>\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots</source><br/> <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</source>
| <math>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</math>
|}

=== Equation numbering ===

The templates {{tl|NumBlk}} and {{tl|EquationRef}} can be used to number equations. The template {{tl|EquationNote}} can be used to refer to a numbered equation from surrounding text. For example, the following syntax:

: <code><nowiki>{{NumBlk|:|<math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \,</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}}</nowiki></code>

produces the following result (note the equation number in the right margin):

{{NumBlk|:|<math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \,</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}}

Later on, the text can refer to this equation by its number using syntax like this:

: <source lang="latex" enclose="none">As seen in equation ({{EquationNote|1}}), blah blah blah...</source>

The result looks like this:

: As seen in equation ({{EquationNote|1}}), blah blah blah...

Note that the equation number produced by {{tl|EquationNote}} is a link that the user can click to go immediately to the cited equation.

== Alphabets and typefaces ==

[[Texvc]] cannot render arbitrary [[Unicode]] characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as [[Cyrillic]], they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"| Greek alphabet
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta </source>
| <math>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho </source>
| <math>\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega </source>
| <math>\Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \eta \theta </source>
| <math>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \eta \theta \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \pi \rho </source>
| <math>\iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \pi \rho \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\sigma \tau \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega </source>
| <math>\sigma \tau \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\varepsilon \digamma \varkappa \varpi </source>
| <math>\varepsilon \digamma \varkappa \varpi \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\varrho \varsigma \vartheta \varphi </source>
| <math>\varrho \varsigma \vartheta \varphi \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Hebrew symbols
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth </source>
| <math>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Blackboard bold/scripts
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathbb{ABCDEFGHI} </source>
| <math>\mathbb{ABCDEFGHI} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathbb{JKLMNOPQR} </source>
| <math>\mathbb{JKLMNOPQR} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathbb{STUVWXYZ} </source>
| <math>\mathbb{STUVWXYZ} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Boldface
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathbf{ABCDEFGHI} </source>
| <math>\mathbf{ABCDEFGHI} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathbf{JKLMNOPQR} </source>
| <math>\mathbf{JKLMNOPQR} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathbf{STUVWXYZ} </source>
| <math>\mathbf{STUVWXYZ} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathbf{abcdefghijklm} </source>
| <math>\mathbf{abcdefghijklm} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathbf{nopqrstuvwxyz} </source>
| <math>\mathbf{nopqrstuvwxyz} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathbf{0123456789} </source>
| <math>\mathbf{0123456789} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Boldface (Greek)
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\boldsymbol{\Alpha\Beta\Gamma\Delta\Epsilon\Zeta\Eta\Theta} </source>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\Alpha\Beta\Gamma\Delta\Epsilon\Zeta\Eta\Theta} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\boldsymbol{\Iota\Kappa\Lambda\Mu\Nu\Xi\Pi\Rho} </source>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\Iota\Kappa\Lambda\Mu\Nu\Xi\Pi\Rho} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\boldsymbol{\Sigma\Tau\Upsilon\Phi\Chi\Psi\Omega} </source>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\Sigma\Tau\Upsilon\Phi\Chi\Psi\Omega} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta\epsilon\zeta\eta\theta} </source>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta\epsilon\zeta\eta\theta} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\boldsymbol{\iota\kappa\lambda\mu\nu\xi\pi\rho} </source>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\iota\kappa\lambda\mu\nu\xi\pi\rho} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\boldsymbol{\sigma\tau\upsilon\phi\chi\psi\omega} </source>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\sigma\tau\upsilon\phi\chi\psi\omega} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\boldsymbol{\varepsilon\digamma\varkappa\varpi} </source>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon\digamma\varkappa\varpi} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\boldsymbol{\varrho\varsigma\vartheta\varphi} </source>
| <math>\boldsymbol{\varrho\varsigma\vartheta\varphi} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Italics (default for Latin alphabet)
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathit{0123456789} </source>
| <math>\mathit{0123456789} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Greek italics (default for lowercase Greek)
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathit{\Alpha\Beta\Gamma\Delta\Epsilon\Zeta\Eta\Theta} </source>
| <math>\mathit{\Alpha\Beta\Gamma\Delta\Epsilon\Zeta\Eta\Theta} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathit{\Iota\Kappa\Lambda\Mu\Nu\Xi\Pi\Rho} </source>
| <math>\mathit{\Iota\Kappa\Lambda\Mu\Nu\Xi\Pi\Rho} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathit{\Sigma\Tau\Upsilon\Phi\Chi\Psi\Omega} </source>
| <math>\mathit{\Sigma\Tau\Upsilon\Phi\Chi\Psi\Omega} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Roman typeface
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathrm{ABCDEFGHI} </source>
| <math>\mathrm{ABCDEFGHI} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathrm{JKLMNOPQR} </source>
| <math>\mathrm{JKLMNOPQR} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathrm{STUVWXYZ} </source>
| <math>\mathrm{STUVWXYZ} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathrm{abcdefghijklm} </source>
| <math>\mathrm{abcdefghijklm} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathrm{nopqrstuvwxyz} </source>
| <math>\mathrm{nopqrstuvwxyz} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathrm{0123456789} </source>
| <math>\mathrm{0123456789} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Sans serif
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathsf{ABCDEFGHI} </source>
| <math>\mathsf{ABCDEFGHI} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathsf{JKLMNOPQR} </source>
| <math>\mathsf{JKLMNOPQR} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathsf{STUVWXYZ} </source>
| <math>\mathsf{STUVWXYZ} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathsf{abcdefghijklm} </source>
| <math>\mathsf{abcdefghijklm} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathsf{nopqrstuvwxyz} </source>
| <math>\mathsf{nopqrstuvwxyz} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathsf{0123456789} </source>
| <math>\mathsf{0123456789} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Sans serif Greek (capital only)
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathsf{\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta} </source>
| <math>\mathsf{\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \Eta \Theta} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathsf{\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho} </source>
| <math>\mathsf{\Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathsf{\Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega}</source>
| <math>\mathsf{\Sigma \Tau \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega}\!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Calligraphy/script
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathcal{ABCDEFGHI} </source>
| <math>\mathcal{ABCDEFGHI} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathcal{JKLMNOPQR} </source>
| <math>\mathcal{JKLMNOPQR} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathcal{STUVWXYZ} </source>
| <math>\mathcal{STUVWXYZ} \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"| Fraktur typeface
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathfrak{ABCDEFGHI} </source>
| <math>\mathfrak{ABCDEFGHI} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathfrak{JKLMNOPQR} </source>
| <math>\mathfrak{JKLMNOPQR} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathfrak{STUVWXYZ} </source>
| <math>\mathfrak{STUVWXYZ} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathfrak{abcdefghijklm} </source>
| <math>\mathfrak{abcdefghijklm} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathfrak{nopqrstuvwxyz} </source>
| <math>\mathfrak{nopqrstuvwxyz} \!</math>
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathfrak{0123456789} </source>
| <math>\mathfrak{0123456789} \!</math>
|-
|}

=== Mixed text faces ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| Italicised characters (spaces are ignored)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">x y z</source>
| <math>x y z</math>
|-
| Non-italicised characters
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\text{x y z}</source>
| <math>\text{x y z}</math>
|-
| Mixed italics (bad)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\text{if} n \text{is even}</source>
| <math>\text{if} n \text{is even}</math>
|-
| Mixed italics (good)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\text{if }n\text{ is even}</source>
| <math>\text{if }n\text{ is even}</math>
|-
| Mixed italics (alternative: ~ or "\ " forces a space)
| <source lang="text" enclose="none">\text{if}~n\ \text{is even}</source>
| <math>\text{if}~n\ \text{is even}</math>
|}

== Color ==
Equations can use color:
* <source lang="text" enclose="none">{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</source>
*: <math>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</math>
* <source lang="text" enclose="none">x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</source>
*: <math>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

It is also possible to change the background color (since [[rev:59550|r59550]]), as in the following example. Note that in the second row, the text is actually rendered in black, but shows orange color fringes because the rendered PNG image generates antialising according to the declared background, instead of generating semi-transparent black pixels ; similar problems occur on the third and fourth rows (with black background) where the antialising pixels are even more visible because they are opaque but show shades between the black color of glyphs and the background color assumed by TeX. In all these cases, PNG images do not contain a true alpha channel render them correctly according to the effective background on which the image will be drawn. To solve this rendering problem, you still need to declare the background color of the cell in CSS style for the HTML code, as well as within the TeX code, each time the background color of the cell is not white, as shown in the last row where the orange backgrounds are declared in both places:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! HTML or CSS background color
! Wikicode content of &lt;math&gt; element
! Rendering
! Note
|-
!rowspan="2"| white
| <source lang="latex">e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</source>
| <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</math>
| Good
|-
| <source lang="text">\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}
e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</source>
| <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</math>
| Bad
|-
!rowspan="2"| black
| <source lang="latex">e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</source>
| style="background-color:black;" | <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
| Bad
|-
| <source lang="text">\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}
e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</source>
| style="background-color:black;" | <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</math>
| Bad
|-
!rowspan="2"| orange
| <source lang="latex">e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</source>
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</math>
| Bad
|-
| <source lang="text">\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}
e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</source>
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</math>
| Good
|}

Some color names are predeclared according to the following table, you can use them directly for the rendering of formulas or for declaring the intended color of the page background.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Colors supported
|-
| <math>\color{Apricot}\text{Apricot}</math> || <math>\color{Aquamarine}\text{Aquamarine}</math> || <math>\color{Bittersweet}\text{Bittersweet}</math> || <math>\color{Black}\text{Black}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Blue}\text{Blue}</math> || <math>\color{BlueGreen}\text{BlueGreen}</math> || <math>\color{BlueViolet}\text{BlueViolet}</math> || <math>\color{BrickRed}\text{BrickRed}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Brown}\text{Brown}</math> || <math>\color{BurntOrange}\text{BurntOrange}</math> || <math>\color{CadetBlue}\text{CadetBlue}</math> || <math>\color{CarnationPink}\text{CarnationPink}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Cerulean}\text{Cerulean}</math> || <math>\color{CornflowerBlue}\text{CornflowerBlue}</math> || <math>\color{Cyan}\text{Cyan}</math> || <math>\color{Dandelion}\text{Dandelion}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{DarkOrchid}\text{DarkOrchid}</math> || <math>\color{Emerald}\text{Emerald}</math> || <math>\color{ForestGreen}\text{ForestGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Fuchsia}\text{Fuchsia}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Goldenrod}\text{Goldenrod}</math> || <math>\color{Gray}\text{Gray}</math> || <math>\color{Green}\text{Green}</math> || <math>\color{GreenYellow}\text{GreenYellow}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{JungleGreen}\text{JungleGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Lavender}\text{Lavender}</math> || <math>\color{LimeGreen}\text{LimeGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Magenta}\text{Magenta}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Mahogany}\text{Mahogany}</math> || <math>\color{Maroon}\text{Maroon}</math> || <math>\color{Melon}\text{Melon}</math> || <math>\color{MidnightBlue}\text{MidnightBlue}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Mulberry}\text{Mulberry}</math> || <math>\color{NavyBlue}\text{NavyBlue}</math> || <math>\color{OliveGreen}\text{OliveGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Orange}\text{Orange}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{OrangeRed}\text{OrangeRed}</math> || <math>\color{Orchid}\text{Orchid}</math> || <math>\color{Peach}\text{Peach}</math> || <math>\color{Periwinkle}\text{Periwinkle}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{PineGreen}\text{PineGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Plum}\text{Plum}</math> || <math>\color{ProcessBlue}\text{ProcessBlue}</math> || <math>\color{Purple}\text{Purple}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{RawSienna}\text{RawSienna}</math> || <math>\color{Red}\text{Red}</math> || <math>\color{RedOrange}\text{RedOrange}</math> || <math>\color{RedViolet}\text{RedViolet}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Rhodamine}\text{Rhodamine}</math> || <math>\color{RoyalBlue}\text{RoyalBlue}</math> || <math>\color{RoyalPurple}\text{RoyalPurple}</math> || <math>\color{RubineRed}\text{RubineRed}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Salmon}\text{Salmon}</math> || <math>\color{SeaGreen}\text{SeaGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Sepia}\text{Sepia}</math> || <math>\color{SkyBlue}\text{SkyBlue}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{SpringGreen}\text{SpringGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Tan}\text{Tan}</math> || <math>\color{TealBlue}\text{TealBlue}</math> || <math>\color{Thistle}\text{Thistle}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Turquoise}\text{Turquoise}</math> || <math>\color{Violet}\text{Violet}</math> || <math>\color{VioletRed}\text{VioletRed}</math> || <math style="background: black">\pagecolor{Black}\color{White}\text{White}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{WildStrawberry}\text{WildStrawberry}</math> || <math style="background: black">\pagecolor{Black}\color{Yellow}\text{Yellow}</math> || <math>\color{YellowGreen}\text{YellowGreen}</math> || <math>\color{YellowOrange}\text{YellowOrange}</math>
|}

Note that color should not be used as the ''only'' way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (accessibility)#Color]].

== Formatting issues ==

=== Spacing ===

Note that {{TeX}} handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| double quad space
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">a \qquad b</source>
| <math>a \qquad b</math>
|-
| quad space
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">a \quad b</source>
| <math>a \quad b</math>
|-
| text space
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">a\ b</source>
| <math>a\ b</math>
|-
| text space without PNG conversion
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">a \mbox{ } b</source>
| <math>a \mbox{ } b</math>
|-
| large space
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">a\;b</source>
| <math>a\;b</math>
|-
| medium space
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">a\&gt;b</source>
| [not supported]
|-
| small space
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">a\,b</source>
| <math>a\,b</math>
|-
| tiny space (use for multiplication of factors)
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">ab</source>
| <math>ab</math>
|-
| no space (use for multi-letter variables)
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\mathit{ab}</source>
| <math>\mathit{ab}</math>
|-
| small negative space
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">a\!b</source>
| <math>a\!b</math>
|}

Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in {{TeX}}):

: <source lang="latex" enclose="none">0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</source>
: <math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>

This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:

: <source lang="latex" enclose="none">{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</source>
: <math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>

=== Alignment with normal text flow ===

Due to the default CSS

<source lang="CSS">img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }</source>

an inline expression like <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <source lang="latex" enclose="none"> style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</source> and play with the <source lang="latex" enclose="none">vertical-align</source> argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.
=== Centering ===
We introduce the new attribute display with the two options "inline" and "block".
==== Inline ====
If the the value of the display attribute is inline the render will render math in inline mode, i.e. there will be no new paragraph for the equation and the operators will be rendered consuming only little vertical space.

===== Example =====
The sum <math display="inline">\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math> converges to 2.

The next line-width is not disturbed by large operators.

The code for the math example reads:
:<code><nowiki><math display="inline">\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math></nowiki></code>

===== Technical implementation =====
Technically it will add the command ''\textstyle'' will be added to the user input before the tex command is passed to the renderer. The result will be displayed without further by outputting the image or MathMLelement to the page.

===== Remark =====
The convention https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(mathematics)#Using_HTML is really annoying. I'd prefer to use inline math for that, since it helps to differentiate between math and other elements.

==== Block ====
In block-style the equation is rendered in its own paragraph and the operator are rendered consuming less horizontal space.

===== Example =====
The equation 
<math display="block">\text{geometric series:}\quad \begin{align} \sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}=2 \end{align}</math>
is used in a joke about mathematicians entering a bar and ordering beer.

It was entered as
:<code><nowiki><math display="block">\text{geometric series:}\quad \sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}=2 </math></nowiki></code>

===== Technical implementation =====
Technically it will add the command ''\displaystyle'' will be added to the user input, if the user input does not contain the string ''\displaystyle' or ''\align'' before the tex command is passed to the renderer. The result will be displayed in a new paragraph.
Therefore the style of the MathImage is altered i.e. the style attribute "display:block;margin:auto" is added.
For MathML it is ensured that display=inline is replaced by display block which produces a new paragraph
===== Discussion =====
Fréderic Wang would prefer that displaystyle is always added in depended of the fact if \displaystlye is already in the equation. He remarks that it has to be checked if that works if the equation starts with \begin.

==== Not specified ====

If nothing is specified the current behavior is preserved. That means all equation are rendered in display style but not using a new paragraph.
===== Example =====

The sum <math>\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math> converges to 2.

The next line-width is disturbed by large operators.

The code for the math example reads:
:<code><nowiki><math>\sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}</math></nowiki></code>


The equation 
:<math>\text{geometric series:}\quad \sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}=2 </math>
is used in a joke about mathematicians entering a bar and ordering beer.

It was entered as
:<code><nowiki><math>\text{geometric series:}\quad \sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-i}=2 </math></nowiki></code>

== Commutative diagrams ==

To make a [[commutative diagram]], there are three steps:

# write the diagram in [[TeX]]
# convert to [[SVG]]
# [[commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form|upload the file]] to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]

=== Diagrams in {{TeX}} ===

[http://www.tug.org/applications/Xy-pic/ Xy-pic] ([http://tex.loria.fr/graph-pack/doc-xypic/xyguide-html/xyguide-html.html online manual]) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in [[TeX]]. Diagrams created using it can be found at [[commons:Category:Xy-pic diagrams|Commons: Category:Xy-pic diagrams]].

Simpler packages include:

* [[American Mathematical Society|AMS's]] [http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscd.html amscd]
* Paul Taylor's [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/generic/diagrams/taylor/ diagrams]
* François Borceux [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/borceux.html Diagrams]

The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a [[Hack (technology)|hack]] to increase the [[Margin (typography)|margins]] in [[dvips]], so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping
(suggested in [[TUGboat]]: [http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-3/tb52rahtz.pdf TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3]):
<source lang=latex>
\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage[all, ps, dvips]{xy}  % Loading the XY-Pic package
                                 % Using postscript driver for smoother curves
\usepackage{color}  % For invisible frame
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty}  % No page numbers
\SelectTips{eu}{}  % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}  % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$  % Frame for margin

\xymatrix{
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}

$$}}} % end math, end frame
\end{document}
</source>

=== Convert to SVG ===

Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands:

<source lang=bash>
pdflatex file.tex
pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf
pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg
rm tmp.pdf
</source>

The [http://pdfcrop.sourceforge.net pdfcrop] and [http://www.cityinthesky.co.uk/opensource/pdf2svg pdf2svg] utilities are needed for this procedure. You can alternatively use [http://www.pdftron.com/pdf2svg/ pdf2svg] from PDFTron for the last step.

If you do not have [[pdfTeX]] (which is unlikely) you can use the following commands to replace the first step (TeX → PDF):
<source lang=bash>
latex file.tex
dvipdfm file.dvi
</source>

In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without {{TeX}} and Ghostscript, and the <source lang="latex" enclose="none">inkscape</source> program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility <source lang="latex" enclose="none">pstoedit</source> which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, [[User:Ryan Reich|this editor]] has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.

These programs are:

* a working {{TeX}} distribution, such as [[TeX Live]]
* [[Ghostscript]]
* [[pstoedit]]
* [[Inkscape]]

=== Upload the file ===
{{See also|commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form}}

{{See also|Help:Contents/Images and media}}

As the diagram is your own work, upload it to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, to Commons.)

; Check size: Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an [[SVG#Support in applications|SVG application]] and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the <code>-y</code> option to <code>dvips</code>.
; Name: Make sure the file has a [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions|meaningful name]].
; Upload: [[commons:Special:Userlogin|Login to Wikimedia Commons]], then <span class=plainlinks>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&uselang=ownwork upload the file]</span>; for the '''Summary''', give a brief description.

Now go to the [[Help:Image page|image page]] and add a [[commons:Commons:First steps/Quality and description#Good file descriptions|description]], including the '''source code''', using this template:

 <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Information
 |description =
 <nowiki>{{</nowiki>en|1= '''Description <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:Link to WP page|topic]]'''
 }}
 |source = <nowiki>{{</nowiki>own}}, created as per:
  <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]];
  source code below.
 |date = '''The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31'''
 |author = '''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''
 |permission = <nowiki>{{</nowiki>self|PD-self '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known licenses|other license]])'''
     |author = '''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''}}
 }}
 <br>
 
 ==TeX source==
 &lt;source lang=latex>
 '''% TeX source here'''
 &lt;/source>
 
 <nowiki>[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[[Category:Xy-pic diagrams]]</nowiki>
 <nowiki>[[Category:Images with LaTeX source code]]</nowiki>

; Source code:
* Include the source code in the [[Help:Image page|image page]], in the <tt>Source</tt> section of the <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[commons:Template:Information|Information]]}}</code> template, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
* Include the complete <code>.tex</code> file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
* You may optionally make the source code section collapsible, using the <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[commons:Template:cot|cot]]}}</code>/<code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[commons:Template:cob|cob]]}}</code> templates.
* (Don't include it in the Summary section, which is just supposed to be a summary.)
; License: The most common license for commutative diagrams is <code>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-self]]</code>; some use <code>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-ineligible]]</code>, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please ''do not'' use the [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GFDL], as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
; Description: If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram. (The <code>1=</code> is necessary if you use nest templates within the description, and harmless otherwise.)
; Category: Include <code><nowiki>[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]</nowiki></code>, so that it appears in [[commons:Category:Commutative diagrams]]. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
; Include image: Now include the image on the original page via <code><nowiki>[[File:Diagram.svg]]</nowiki></code>

=== Examples ===

A sample conforming diagram is [[commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg]].

== Unimplemented elements and workarounds ==

=== <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiint</source> and <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiiint</source> ===

Elements which are not yet implemented are <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiint</source>, a two-fold integral <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\iint</source> {{nowrap|(<math>\iint</math>)}} with a circular curve through the centre of the two integrals, and similarly <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiiint</source>, a circular curve through three integrals. In contrast, <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oint</source> {{nowrap|(<math>\oint</math>)}} exists for the single dimension (integration over a curved line within a plane or any space with higher dimension).

These elements appear in many contexts: <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiint</source> denotes a [[surface integral]] over the closed 2d boundary of a 3d region (which occurs in much of 3d [[vector calculus]] and physical applications – like [[Maxwell's equations]]), likewise <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiiint</source> denotes integration over the closed 3d boundary (surface volume) of a 4d region, and they would be strong candidates for the next {{TeX}} version. As such there are a lot of workarounds in the present version.

:{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
!<source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiint</source> and <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiiint</source> using currently implemented symbols
|-
| <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiint</source> looks like:

* <math>\iint\limits_{S}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\subset\!\supset \mathbf D \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math>, which uses <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\iint</source> along with <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\subset</source> and <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\supset</source> (overdrawn after backspacing):
: <source lang="text" enclose="none">\iint\limits_{S}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\subset\!\supset \mathbf D \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf A</source>
* <math>\int\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math>, which uses <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\int</source> twice (with some backward [[Kern (typography)|kerning]]) along with <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\bigcirc</source> (also overdrawn after backpacing) to produce a more consistent circle:
: <source lang="text" enclose="none">\int\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</source>

<source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiiint</source> (should also be preferably more tightly kerned) looks more or less like:

* <math>\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\subset\!\supset \mathbf D\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math> which uses three \int symbols (with more backward kerning) with \subset and \supset (overdrawn after backspacing):
: <source lang="text" enclose="none">\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\subset\!\supset \mathbf D\;\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</source>
* <math>\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\;\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math>, which uses three <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\int</source> symbols (with more backward kerning) along with <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\bigcirc</source> (also overdrawn after backspacing):
: <source lang="text" enclose="none">\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\;\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</source>
|}

However, since no standardisation exists as yet, any workaround like this (which uses many <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\!</source> symbols for backspacing) should be avoided, if possible. See below for a possibility using PNG image enforcement.

Note that <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\iint</source> (the double integral) and <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\iiint</source> (the triple integral) are still not kerned as they should preferably be, and are currently rendered as if they were successive <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\int</source> symbols ; this is not a major problem for reading the formulas, even if the integral symbols before the last one do not have bounds, so it's best to avoid backspacing "hacks" as they may be inconsistent with a possible future better implementation of integrals symbols (with more precisely computed kerning positions).

==== <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiint</source> and <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiiint</source> as PNG images ====

These symbols are available as PNG images which are also integrated into two templates, {{tl|oiint}} and {{tl|oiiint}}, which take care of the formatting around the symbols.

The templates have three parameters:

;preintegral: the text or formula immediately before the integral
;intsubscpt: the subscript below the integral
;integrand: the text or formula immediately after the integral

===== Examples =====

* [[Stokes' theorem]]: <code><nowiki>{{oiint

| intsubscpt = <math>{\scriptstyle S}</math>
| integrand=<math>( \nabla \times \bold{F} ) \cdot {\rm d}\bold{S} = \oint_{\partial S} \bold{F} \cdot {\rm d}\boldsymbol{\ell} </math>
}}</nowiki></code>

: {{oiint
| intsubscpt = <math>{\scriptstyle S}</math>
| integrand=<math>( \nabla \times \bold{F} ) \cdot {\rm d}\bold{S} = \oint_{\partial S} \bold{F} \cdot {\rm d}\boldsymbol{\ell} </math>
}}

* [[Ampère's circuital law|Ampère's law]] + correction: <code><nowiki>{{oiint

| preintegral=<math>\oint_C \bold{B} \cdot {\rm d} \boldsymbol{\ell} = \mu_0 </math>
| intsubscpt = <math>{\scriptstyle S}</math>
| integrand = <math>\left ( \bold{J} + \epsilon_0\frac{\partial \bold{E}}{\partial t} \right ) \cdot {\rm d}\bold{S}</math>
}}</nowiki></code>

: {{oiint
| preintegral=<math>\oint_{\partial S} \bold{B} \cdot {\rm d} \boldsymbol{\ell} = \mu_0 </math>
| intsubscpt = <math>{\scriptstyle S}</math>
| integrand = <math>\left ( \bold{J} + \epsilon_0\frac{\partial \bold{E}}{\partial t} \right ) \cdot {\rm d}\bold{S}</math>
}}

* Continuity of [[4-momentum]] flux (in [[general relativity]]):<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gravitation|author=J. A. Wheeler, C. Misner, K. S. Thorne| year=1973|publisher=W. H. Freeman & Co|edition=2nd|isbn=0-7167-0344-0}}</ref><code><nowiki> {{oiiint

| preintegral=<math>\bold{P} = </math>
| intsubscpt = <math>{\scriptstyle \partial \Omega}</math>
| integrand = <math>\bold{T} \cdot {\rm d}^3\boldsymbol{\Sigma} = 0</math>
}}</nowiki></code>

: {{oiiint
| preintegral=<math>\bold{P} = </math>
| intsubscpt = <math>{\scriptstyle \partial \Omega}</math>
| integrand = <math>\bold{T} \cdot {\rm d}^3\boldsymbol{\Sigma} = 0</math>
}}

==== Oriented <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiint</source> and <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiiint</source> as PNG images ====

Some variants of <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiint</source> and <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\oiiint</source> have arrows on them to indicate the sense of integration, such as a line integral around a closed curve in the clockwise sense, and higher dimensional analogues. These are not implemented in {{TEX}} on Wikipedia either, although the template {{tl|intorient}} is available - see link for details.

=== <source lang="latex" enclose="none">\overarc</source> ===

<source lang="latex" enclose="none">\overarc</source> is not yet implemented to display the arc notation. However, there exists a workaround: use <source lang="text" enclose="none">\overset{\frown}{AB}</source>, which gives
<math>\overset{\frown}{AB}</math>

== Examples of implemented {{TeX}} formulas ==

<center>
=== Quadratic polynomial ===

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>
<br>
<source lang="latex"><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math></source>

=== Quadratic formula ===

<math>x={-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}</math>
<br>
<source lang="latex"><math>x={-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}</math></source>

=== Tall parentheses and fractions ===

<math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math>
<br>
<source lang="text"><math>2 = \left(
\frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
\right)</math></source>

<math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
<source lang="text">
<math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
</source>

=== Integrals ===

<math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>
<br>
<source lang="latex"><math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
= \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math></source>

=== Matrices and determinants ===

<math>\det(\mathsf{A}-\lambda\mathsf{I}) = 0</math>
<br>
<source lang="text"><math>\det(\mathsf{A}-\lambda\mathsf{I}) = 0</math></source>

=== Summation ===

<math>\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} i</math>
<br>
<source lang="text"><math>\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} i</math></source>

<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>
<br>
<source lang="text"><math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math></source>

=== Differential equation ===

<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>
<br>
<source lang="latex"><math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math></source>

=== Complex numbers ===

<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>
<br>
<source lang="text"><math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
|(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
\arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math></source>

=== Limits ===

<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>
<br>
<source lang="latex"><math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math></source>

=== Integral equation ===

<math>\phi_n(\kappa)
= \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R} \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>
<br>
<source lang="text"><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
\frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
\frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
\frac{\partial}{\partial R}
\left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math></source>

=== Example ===

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>
<br>
<source lang="text"><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
\frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math></source>

=== Continuation and cases ===

<math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
\frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}</math>
<br>
<source lang="latex"><math>
f(x) =
\begin{cases}
1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
\frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
1 - x^2 & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases}
</math></source>

=== Prefixed subscript ===

<math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}</math>
<br>
<source lang="text"> <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
= \sum_{n=0}^\infty
\frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
\frac{z^n}{n!}</math></source>

=== Fraction and small fraction ===

<math>\frac{a}{b}\ \tfrac{a}{b}</math>
<source lang="text"><math>\frac{a}{b}\ \tfrac{a}{b}</math></source>

=== Area of a quadrilateral ===

<math>S=dD\,\sin\alpha\!</math>
<source lang="latex"><math>S=dD\,\sin\alpha\!</math></source>

=== Volume of a sphere-stand ===

<math>V=\frac16\pi h\left[3\left(r_1^2+r_2^2\right)+h^2\right]</math>
<source lang="latex"><math>V=\frac16\pi h\left[3\left(r_1^2+r_2^2\right)+h^2\right]</math></source>

=== Multiple equations ===

<math>\begin{align}
u & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x+y) \qquad & x &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u+v)\\
v & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x-y) \qquad & y &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u-v)
\end{align}</math>
&nbsp;
<source lang="text"><math>\begin{align}
u & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x+y) \qquad & x &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u+v) \\
v & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x-y) \qquad & y &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u-v)
\end{align}</math></source>
</center>

== See also ==

* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|Typesetting of mathematical formulae]]
* Proposed [[m:Music markup]] and [[Help:Musical symbols]]
* [[Table of mathematical symbols]]
* [[mw:Extension:Blahtex]], or [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics/Archive10#blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter|blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter for Wikipedia]]
* [[commons:Category:Images which should use TeX]]
== Test cases from parserTests==
* pre-save transform: comment containing math <!-- <math>data</math> -->
* BUG 1887: A <math> with a thumbnail- we don't render math in the parsertests by default, so math is not stripped and turns up as escaped &lt;math&gt; tags. [[Image:foobar.jpg|thumb|<math>2+2</math>]]
* BUG 1887, part 2: A <math> with a thumbnail- math enabled [[Image:foobar.jpg|thumb|<math>2+2</math>]]
* Math section safety when disabled  <math><script>alert(document.cookies);</script></math>
* BUG 26380: Add \widetilde support to match \widehat
** <math>\widehat{x}</math>
** <math>\widetilde{x}</math>
* BUG 27324: Euro symbol for math
** <math>\euro 200</math>
** <math>\geneuro</math>
** <math>\geneuronarrow</math>
** <math>\geneurowide</math>
** <math>\officialeuro</math>
* BUG 27754: Archaic Greek letters for math (may require texlive-lang-greek)
** <math>\digamma</math><!-- Lowercase digamma was already available -->
** <math>\Coppa\coppa\varcoppa</math>
** <math>\Digamma</math>
** <math>\Koppa\koppa</math>
** <math>\Sampi\sampi</math>
** <math>\Stigma\stigma\varstigma</math>
* BUG 19547: Apostrophe / single quotes in math \text{...}
** <math>\text{next years}</math>
** <math>\text{next year's}</math>
** <math>\text{`next' year}</math>
* BUG 6722: Spacing fix for functions in math HTML output:
** <math>\sin x</math>
** <math>\sin(x)</math>
** <math>\sin{x}</math>
** <math>\sin x \,</math>
** <math>\sin(x) \,</math>
** <math>\sin{x} \,</math>
* BUG 18912: Add \sen function for Spanish sin to math
** <math>\sen x</math>
**<math>\sen(x)</math>
**<math>\sen{x}</math>
**<math>\sen x \,</math>
**<math>\sen(x) \,</math>
**<math>\sen{x} \,</math>
* BUG 18912: \operatorname{sen} x gets wrong spacing in math: <math>\operatorname{sen}</math>
* BUG 31442: Multiple math accents without braces fails to parse: <math>\dot \vec B</math>
* BUG 31442: Math accents with math font fail to parse if braces not used:<math>\tilde \mathcal{M}</math>
* BUG 31824: Empty math tag returns uniq:<math></math>
* BUG 31824: Empty math tag returns uniq:<math> </math>

== Additional tests==

<math>\left(\begin{smallmatrix}a & b\\ c & d\end{smallmatrix}\right)</math>
<math>\AA</math>

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|LaTeX}}

* [http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/ A LaTeX tutorial]
* {{Citation

|last= Doob
|first= Michael

|title= A Gentle Introduction to TeX: A Manual for Self-study
|url= http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/gentle.pdf
|doi= }}. A paper introducing TeX — see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.

* {{Citation

|last= Oetiker
|first= Tobias
|last2= Partl
|first2= Hubert
|last3= Hyna
|first3= Irene
|last4= Schlegl
|first4= Elisabeth
|title= The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX 2<sub>&epsilon;</sub>
|year= 2009
|date= December 13, 2009
|edition= 4.27
|url= http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf
|doi= }}. A paper introducing LaTeX — skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.

* [http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]—symbols not found here may be documented there.
* [http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf Long list of many symbols]
* [http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/Symbols.pdf short list of common symbols]
* [http://milde.users.sourceforge.net/LUCR/Math/mathpackages/esint-symbols.pdf The esint package for closed double integrals]
* [http://mirror.ox.ac.uk/sites/ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/esint/esint.pdf The esint package for closed double integrals]
* [http://www.math.washington.edu/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cancel/cancel.pdf cancel package]
* [http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html AMS-LaTeX guide].
* [http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps].
* [[MathML]]: A product of the [[W3C]] [http://www.w3.org/Math/ Math working group], is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.