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The Gyroscopic Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation

2024-07-23T14:25:47Z

DTombe: The Gyroscopic Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation

In 1873, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell proposed the plane wave theory of electromagnetic radiation, whereby mutually perpendicular oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagate at the speed of light, in phase with each other and perpendicular to the propagation direction. Meanwhile, since Maxwell’s curl equations imply that the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave are actually out of phase by ninety degrees, this discrepancy will now be investigated.

See,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382457264_The_Gyroscopic_Theory_of_Electromagnetic_Radiation

David Tombe

2024-07-23T14:22:41Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ The Gyroscopic Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Gyroscopic Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382457264_The_Gyroscopic_Theory_of_Electromagnetic_Radiation Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[Activating the Dirac Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379261418_Activating_the_Dirac_Sea Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[Radio Transmission and AC Transformers]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379182515_Radio_Transmission_and_AC_Transformers Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Light]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793932_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Light Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793537_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378708125_A_Short_Note_on_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Speed of Electricity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2 Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

Activating the Dirac Sea

2024-03-27T23:25:15Z

DTombe:

If ponderable matter serves as a sink for an all-pervading and all-connecting fluid-like aether, the role of rotation in the stability of the universe, and also in the structure of the medium for the propagation of light, will now be examined. See,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379261418_Activating_the_Dirac_Sea

Radio Transmission and AC Transformers

2024-03-27T23:24:43Z

DTombe: Radio Transmission and AC Transformers

Radio transmission and AC transformers share the fact that both involve the propagation of electromagnetic energy through space, from one electric circuit to another. This article will take a closer look at the application of Faraday's law as it applies in both of these two contexts. See,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379182515_Radio_Transmission_and_AC_Transformers

David Tombe

2024-03-27T23:23:27Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ Radio Transmission and AC Transformers

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[Activating the Dirac Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379261418_Activating_the_Dirac_Sea Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[Radio Transmission and AC Transformers]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379182515_Radio_Transmission_and_AC_Transformers Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Light]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793932_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Light Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793537_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378708125_A_Short_Note_on_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Speed of Electricity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2 Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

Activating the Dirac Sea

2024-03-27T23:20:50Z

DTombe: Activating the Dirac Sea

If ponderable matter serves as a sink for an all-pervading and all-connecting fluid-like aether, the role of rotation in the stability of the universe, and also in the structure of the medium for the propagation of light, will now be examined. See,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379261418_Activating_the_Dirac_Sea

David Tombe

2024-03-27T23:19:36Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ Activating the Dirac Sea

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[Activating the Dirac Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379261418_Activating_the_Dirac_Sea Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Light]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793932_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Light Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793537_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378708125_A_Short_Note_on_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Speed of Electricity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2 Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

A Short Note on Centrifugal Force

2024-03-08T23:25:48Z

DTombe: A Short Note on Centrifugal Force

Just because centrifugal force isn't a Newtonian force doesn't mean that it isn't a real force. While the prevailing point of view is, that a Newtonian force is a superior kind of force as compared with an inertial force, this perspective hinges entirely on the existence of the totally undefined concept known as an inertial frame of reference. So first of all, we need to establish the physical basis for an inertial frame of reference, and only then will we be better placed to decide whether or not the Newtonian forces are any more real than the inertial forces.

See,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378708125_A_Short_Note_on_Centrifugal_Force

A Short Note on the Nature of Electric Current

2024-03-08T23:24:26Z

DTombe: A Short Note on the Nature of Electric Current

It's only in the case of closed electric circuits, where the current returns to its point of departure, that charged particles can actually flow through the circuit. If charged particles were to undergo a net flow in the case of transmission lines, then, since they can't dissipate, they would have to build up at the far end, and this clearly doesn't happen. It follows therefore, that electric current must involve a more fundamental substance that does actually dissipate after it has been absorbed by a load. This article will propose a possible substance that might explain the deeper undercurrent that is involved in electric circuits.

See,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793537_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Electric_Current

A Short Note on the Nature of Light

2024-03-08T23:22:33Z

DTombe: A Short Note on the Nature of Light

Maxwell's equations are an extrapolation into outer space, of the equations of electromagnetism that were originally established in connection with laboratory electric circuits. In outer space, however, no source electric circuits, as would be required to give meaning to the terms in the equations, are considered to exist. This discrepancy is of course resolved by virtue of the fact that Maxwell developed his equations on the basis that space is densely populated with tiny aethereal vortices, which in effect serve as miniature electric circuits within which the equations of electromagnetism that are contributory to the electromagnetic wave equations, can be applied. This article will examine the deeper nature of a ray of starlight in outer space, in the narrowest context that is physically possible within the framework that Maxwell's sea of aethereal vortices serves as the medium for the propagation of such waves.

See,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793932_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Light

David Tombe

2024-03-08T23:21:14Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ A Short Note on the Nature of Light

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Light]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793932_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Light Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793537_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378708125_A_Short_Note_on_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Speed of Electricity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2 Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

David Tombe

2024-03-08T23:18:16Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ A Short Note on the Nature of Electric Current

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on the Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378793537_A_Short_Note_on_the_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378708125_A_Short_Note_on_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Speed of Electricity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2 Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

David Tombe

2024-03-08T23:15:30Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ A Short Note on Centrifugal Force

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])

* 2024 - "[[A Short Note on Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378708125_A_Short_Note_on_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Speed of Electricity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2 Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

The Speed of Electricity

2024-02-11T17:15:57Z

DTombe: The Speed of Electricity

It was German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year 1857 who first identified the connection between the speed of light and the speed of electric signals in a conducting wire. Meanwhile, although charged particles in a conductor don’t travel at anywhere near the speed of light, this is not considered to be a contradiction, because it is generally accepted that it is changes in the electric current, and not the electric current itself, that are propagated at the speed of light, the assumption being that a longitudinal compression wave propagates through the electron cloud in the conducting material. The idea of such a compression wave travelling at the speed of light is not however very convincing, because it’s unlikely that such a wave would just happen to propagate through a cloud of outer shell conduction electrons at exactly the same speed as wireless radiation in space, never mind how the same approach would then also apply in an electrolytic conducting solution. This matter will therefore be investigated further.

See,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity

The Speed of Electricity

2024-02-11T17:15:12Z

DTombe: The Speed of Electricity

It was German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year 1857 who first identified the connection between the speed of light and the speed of electric signals in a conducting wire. Meanwhile, although charged particles in a conductor don’t travel at anywhere near the speed of light, this is not considered to be a contradiction, because it is generally accepted that it is changes in the electric current, and not the electric current itself, that are propagated at the speed of light, the assumption being that a longitudinal compression wave propagates through the electron cloud in the conducting material.
The idea of such a compression wave travelling at the speed of light is not however very convincing, because it’s unlikely that such a wave would just happen to propagate through a cloud of outer shell conduction electrons at exactly the same speed as wireless radiation in space, never mind how the same approach would then also apply in an electrolytic conducting solution. This matter will therefore be investigated further.

See,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity

David Tombe

2024-02-11T17:12:07Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ The Speed of Electricity

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2024 - "[[The Speed of Electricity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377978571_The_Speed_of_Electricity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2 Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2

2023-09-09T18:10:55Z

DTombe: The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2

This article investigates the paradox surrounding the fact, that while the equations involved in Einstein’s special theory of relativity lead to logical absurdities, they are nevertheless supported by many experiments.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2

David Tombe

2023-09-09T18:09:49Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Myths Surrounding Time Dilation and E = mc^2]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373776967_The_Myths_Surrounding_Time_Dilation_and_E_mc2 Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology

2023-08-15T00:24:59Z

DTombe: Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology

A chronology of the main events in the history of the unity of optics and electromagnetism. See here,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology

David Tombe

2023-08-15T00:23:17Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Electromagnetism and Optics - Historical Chronology]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Electromagnetism_and_Optics_-_Historical_Chronology Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

Gravitational Energy

2023-07-24T11:48:44Z

DTombe: Gravitational Energy

The purpose here is to compare the definition of gravitational potential energy, as is used in mechanics, with the intrinsic gravitational energy in atoms and molecules due to their presence in a gravitational field, and then to decide which of these two concepts best intersects with physical reality. See here,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy

David Tombe

2023-07-24T11:47:09Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ Gravitational Energy

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Gravitational Energy]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372496833_Gravitational_Energy Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations

2023-07-24T11:42:53Z

DTombe: The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations

This article will examine the extent to which coordinate frame transformations hide the reality of physical processes and substitute it with delusion.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations

David Tombe

2023-07-24T11:41:07Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Deception Inherent in Coordinate Frame Transformations]]"([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372533786_The_Deception_Inherent_in_Coordinate_Frame_Transformations Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection

2023-07-17T21:26:56Z

DTombe: The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection

To show that the curl of E = v×B is an additional convective component to the Maxwell-Faraday equation.

See,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection

David Tombe

2023-07-17T21:23:43Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Maxwell-Faraday Equation Extended for Convection]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372409911_The_Maxwell-Faraday_Equation_Extended_for_Convection Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

David Tombe

2023-07-07T22:58:19Z

DTombe: /* Einstein's Big Mistake */ gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the fact that the Earth's gravitational field strength is weaker at higher heights. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

Atomic Clocks and Relativity

2023-07-07T22:54:44Z

DTombe: Atomic Clocks and Relativity

There are two physical effects which cause atomic clocks to run slower. These are motion and gravity, and the rate of retardation can be quantified using equations that are closely related to the equations of relativity. This article will examine why this should be, and what the common physical mechanism is between motion and escape velocity that results in these two factors having an identical physical effect on the clock mechanism. See,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity

David Tombe

2023-07-07T22:53:44Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ Atomic Clocks and Relativity

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the Earth's gravitational field strength. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Relativity]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372165749_Atomic_Clocks_and_Relativity Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

The Constancy of Astronomical Time

2023-07-02T14:24:40Z

DTombe: The Constancy of Astronomical Time

The transformed time in a Lorentz transformation was originally intended to apply to local time as opposed to astronomical time, but without any clear definition as to what was meant by the term "local time". This article will seek to place local time on a firm physical basis that is relevant to the context under consideration.

See here,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time

David Tombe

2023-07-02T14:23:18Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ The Constancy of Astronomical Time

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the Earth's gravitational field strength. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[The Constancy of Astronomical Time]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371905140_The_Constancy_of_Astronomical_Time Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

The Lorentz Aether Theory

2023-07-02T14:18:39Z

DTombe: The Lorentz Aether Theory

The Lorentz transformations are best known for the relativistic Lorentz factor, γ = 1/√(1 – v^2/c^2), which appears in the equations of special relativity, and it is also known that the Lorentz transformations can be used to derive both the Biot-Savart law in the form B = γv×E/c^2, and the magnetic force in the form E = γv×B.
It could therefore be argued that magnetism is a relativistic effect, even though it is observed at laboratory speeds. This article will now examine how the physical structure of the luminiferous medium enables the existence of magnetism. The aim will be to identify the latent presence of the speed of light within the fabric of a laboratory magnetic field. On establishing this, the Lorentz factor will then be exposed as an asymptotic coefficient which only becomes significant at speeds close to the speed of light.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory

The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether

2023-04-22T11:07:26Z

DTombe: The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field

This article takes a closer look at the bonding and stability mechanisms within the electron-positron dipole sea and how these result in the double helix theory of the magnetic field. The physical connection between the inertial forces and magnetic repulsion will be further investigated.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319914395_The_Double_Helix_and_the_Electron-Positron_Aether

David Tombe

2023-03-20T18:43:26Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the Earth's gravitational field strength. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics

2023-03-20T04:47:18Z

DTombe: Electromagnetism and Optics

A chronology of the main events in the history of the unity of optics and electromagnetism.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics

David Tombe

2023-03-20T04:41:16Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ Electromagnetism and Optics

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the Earth's gravitational field strength. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2023 - "[[Summary Article - Electromagnetism and Optics]]" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369369179_Summary_Article_-Electromagnetism_and_Optics Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

Aether

2022-12-17T17:47:48Z

DTombe:

Quoting Nikola Tesla from his 1907 paper “Man’s Greatest Achievement” which was published in 1930 in the Milwaukee Sentinel,

''“Long ago he (mankind) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, of a tenuity beyond conception and filling all space - the Ākāśa or luminiferous ether - which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena. The primary substance, thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance”'',

this idea was continued into James Clerk Maxwell's seminal paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which he wrote in 1861, in which he demonstrated that light is a transverse propagation of electric and magnetic waves in a sea of aethereal vortices. While this idea was still being published as recently as 1937, as seen from another quote from the "Ether (in Physics)" article in the 1937 Encyclopaedia Britannica, which reads (in connection with the speed of light),

''“The most probable surmise or guess at present is that the ether is a perfectly incompressible continuous fluid, in a state of fine-grained vortex motion, circulating with that same enormous speed. For it has been partly, though as yet incompletely, shown that such a vortex fluid would transmit waves of the same general nature as light waves— i.e., periodic disturbances across the line of propagation—and would transmit them at a rate of the same order of magnitude as the vortex or circulation speed”'',

the idea lapsed after the second world war.

Tesla on the Aether and the Implications

2022-12-17T17:27:41Z

DTombe:

Serbian American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), wrote,
“Long ago he (mankind) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, of a tenuity beyond conception, filling all space, the Ākāśa or luminiferous ether, which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena. The primary substance, thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance.”
See https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications

Aether

2022-12-17T12:56:50Z

DTombe:

Quoting Nikola Tesla from his 1907 paper “Man’s Greatest Achievement” which was published in 1930 in the Milwaukee Sentinel,

''“Long ago he (mankind) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, or a tenuity beyond conception and filling all space - the Ākāśa or luminiferous ether - which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena. The primary substance, thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance”'',

this idea was continued into James Clerk Maxwell's seminal paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which he wrote in 1861, in which he demonstrated that light is a transverse propagation of electric and magnetic waves in a sea of aethereal vortices. While this idea was still being published as recently as 1937, as seen from another quote from the "Ether (in Physics)" article in the 1937 Encyclopaedia Britannica, which reads (in connection with the speed of light),

''“The most probable surmise or guess at present is that the ether is a perfectly incompressible continuous fluid, in a state of fine-grained vortex motion, circulating with that same enormous speed. For it has been partly, though as yet incompletely, shown that such a vortex fluid would transmit waves of the same general nature as light waves— i.e., periodic disturbances across the line of propagation—and would transmit them at a rate of the same order of magnitude as the vortex or circulation speed”'',

the idea lapsed after the second world war.

Tesla on the Aether and the Implications

2022-12-17T12:41:33Z

DTombe:

Serbian American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), wrote,
“Long ago he (mankind) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, or a tenuity beyond conception, filling all space, the Ākāśa or luminiferous ether, which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena. The primary substance, thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance.”
See https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications

Tesla on the Aether and the Implications

2022-12-15T23:09:34Z

DTombe:

Serbian American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), wrote,
“Long ago he (mankind) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, of a tenuity beyond conception and filling all space - the Akasha or luminiferous ether - which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena. The primary substance, thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance”.

See https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications

Tesla on the Aether and the Implications

2022-12-15T23:08:51Z

DTombe: Tesla on the Aether and the Implications

Serbian American electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), wrote,

“Long ago he (mankind) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, of a tenuity beyond conception and filling all space - the Akasha or luminiferous ether - which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena. The primary substance, thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance”.

We will now investigate what exactly this was supposed to mean.

See https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications

David Tombe

2022-12-15T23:06:58Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ Tesla on the Aether and the Implications

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the Earth's gravitational field strength. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[Tesla on the Aether and the Implications]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366287296_Tesla_on_the_Aether_and_the_Implications Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

The Commonality between Light and Electric Current

2022-10-17T14:48:29Z

DTombe:

In the year 1855, German physicists Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Hermann Arndt Kohlrausch performed an experiment involving the discharge of a Leyden jar and they established the ratio between electrostatic and electrodynamic units of charge. This ratio, which became known as Weber’s constant, was measured numerically to be c√2, where c was very close to the speed of light. Since this experiment had nothing to do with optics, the question then arises as to whether they had perhaps actually measured the speed of electric current, which just happens to be close to the speed of light for the reason that the speed of light is in turn determined by the speed of electric current within the context of the medium for the propagation of light.
We must establish the physical commonality between light and electric current. See,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current

The Commonality between Light and Electric Current

2022-10-17T14:48:08Z

DTombe:

The Commonality between Light and Electric Current

2022-10-17T14:47:15Z

DTombe: The Commonality between Light and Electric Current

In the year 1855, German physicists Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Hermann Arndt Kohlrausch performed an experiment involving the discharge of a Leyden jar and they established the ratio between electrostatic and electrodynamic units of charge. This ratio, which became known as Weber’s constant, was measured numerically to be c√2, where c was very close to the speed of light. Since this experiment had nothing to do with optics, the question then arises as to whether they had perhaps actually measured the speed of electric current, which just happens to be close to the speed of light for the reason that the speed of light is in turn determined by the speed of electric current within the context of the medium for the propagation of light.
We must establish the physical commonality between light and electric current. See,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current

David Tombe

2022-10-17T14:43:14Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ The Commonality between Light and Electric Current

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the Earth's gravitational field strength. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Commonality between Light and Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364337354_The_Commonality_between_Light_and_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current

2022-09-28T08:04:47Z

DTombe: The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current

While it is generally accepted that electric current involves the motion of electric charge through conducting channels, there is observable evidence in the field of pulse transmission, that electric current exhibits wave-like behaviour, and that two electric pulses can pass right through each other in opposite directions along the same wire. An attempt will be made to reconcile these two seemingly contradictory natures of electric current.

See here,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current

David Tombe

2022-09-28T08:03:17Z

DTombe: /* Abstracts */ The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the Earth's gravitational field strength. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Deeper Physical Nature of Electric Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363887411_The_Deeper_Physical_Nature_of_Electric_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]

David Tombe

2022-09-21T14:00:45Z

DTombe: /* Einstein's Big Mistake */

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Frederick David Tombe
| image = David Tombe 926.jpg
| alt = Frederick David Tombe
| birth_date = 1958
| fields = [[Electromagnetism]], [[Centrifugal Force]], [[Coriolis Force]], [[Aether]], [[Gravity]]
| residence = Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| nationality = British
}}

Frederick David Tombe is a physics and applied mathematics graduate who attended Queen's University Belfast from 1978 to 1982.

==Scientific Research in his own Words==
I started an undergraduate B.Sc. degree course in physics at Queen's University Belfast in early October 1978 and I took astronomy and applied mathematics as subsidiary subjects. Before October 1978 had ended, I had been introduced on the physics course to Einstein's special theory of relativity as well as being taught that centrifugal force is not a real force. In the same month, on the astronomy course, I was introduced to the concept of stellar aberration. This made me immediately skeptical about Einstein's special theory of relativity on the grounds that it seemed to conflict with the phenomenon of stellar aberration. Stellar aberration analysis applies Galilean vector addition to the velocity of light, even though relativity is founded upon the principle that Galilean addition of velocities does not apply to the speed of light. I became even more skeptical when I realized that the symmetry inherent in the special theory of relativity necessarily contained the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would both go slower than each other. This is referred to as the "Clock Paradox" and unbeknownst to me at the time, this matter had already been raised by Professor Herbert Dingle among others. I realized though that to oppose Einstein's special theory of relativity would mean having to oppose its foundation principle which is that the speed of light is a universal constant which doesn't obey Galilean addition of velocities, and opposing this foundation principle would have seemed to be at variance with the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment. The famous Michelson-Morley experiment had measured the speed of light from terrestrial sources six months apart and found no interference fringes that could be due to the Earth's 30km/sec orbital motion around the Sun. The official conclusion is that light is always measured to have the same speed irrespective of the speed of the receiver, and if we accept this, then Einstein's special theory of relativity follows automatically from Pythagoras's theorem. At that time back in 1978, I was unaware that alternative explanations for the Michelson-Morley experiment had existed in the past, and that they involved a physical medium for the propagation of light known as the luminiferous aether. And so unsure how to resolve the conundrum, I concluded that the mystery could only be solved by obtaining a deeper understanding of the physical nature of light. Reading ahead I saw that the linkage between optics and electromagnetism was dealt with in the more advanced courses in future years, and that they would require a considerable degree of proficiency in vector analysis and calculus, and so I therefore took more interest in the applied maths courses in order to prepare myself in advance for when I would eventually embark on one of these advanced courses in electromagnetism. Meanwhile during the period 1979 to 1981, in conjunction with my applied maths courses, I took a considerable interest in gyroscopes and planetary orbits.

I started electromagnetism in earnest in late 1981, and due to my newfound knowledge of vector field theory I was able to see that the modern textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current was totally unsatisfactory. James Clerk Maxwell was a nineteenth century Scottish physicist who is credited with having collectively formulated all the laws of electromagnetism, and in doing so having united electricity, magnetism, and optics into a single topic. During the winter of 1981-82 I was struggling with three aspects in electromagnetism which appeared to have no satisfactory explanations. I was asking the lecturers these three questions,

# In the magnetic force F = qvxB, what is the velocity term v measured relative to?
# Where can we see a formal proof of the theory of conservation of energy in connection with magnetic repulsion and attraction between bar magnets? I never doubted that energy is conserved in these cases, but I was having difficulty finding an appropriate expression for magnetic potential energy. The well-known magnetic vector potential did not answer the question. Apart from Lenz's law which touches on the issue, there seemed to be nothing in the textbooks relating to conservation of magnetic energy.
# How is Maxwell's displacement current correctly derived? The textbook derivation of Maxwell's displacement current is highly dubious. It does not derive the transverse term which is used in the derivation of the EM wave equation, and even at that, the irrotational term which is being derived in its place, is being added as an extra term to Ampère's Circuital Law, rather than being extracted from within the already existing electric current term.

There was a tendency for the lecturers to say that it would all become clear when it is taken in conjunction with Einstein's theories of relativity, but I wanted to first know how these matters were resolved before relativity was invented, bearing in mind that Maxwell's equations were published before Einstein was born. On one occasion during that winter of 1981-82, when I questioned a lecturer as to whether there is anybody of renown in the physics world who questions the veracity of Einstein's relativity, he informed me that he had just been reading an article in the Nature journal concerning a certain late Professor Herbert Dingle and his objections to relativity on the grounds of the clock paradox. The article in question revisited an argument that had taken place in the early 1960s between Dingle and another professor called McCrea.

The first useful breakthrough came around about February 1982 when I found an American textbook, "The Classical Electromagnetic Field", written by Leonard Eyges, which made a brief mention of the fact that Maxwell himself had derived his displacement current differently from how it is done nowadays, and that in his days he had believed in the existence of an aether, and that Maxwell had understood displacement current as being an actual physical displacement in the aether. This drove me to obtain material on Maxwell's original nineteenth century ideas in the hope that the solutions to the problems mentioned above might be found in this realm, and indeed all the solutions were there. Maxwell believed in the existence of a dielectric sea of tiny molecular vortices that are made partly out of aether and partly out of ordinary matter. In March 1982, I concluded that the luminiferous aether of the nineteenth century really does exist, and that it is a dense electric sea of electrons and positrons. This solution then had the additional benefit of solving the riddle of the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment on the grounds that the Earth's gravity entrains a region of the electric sea within its gravitosphere, while orbiting the Sun at 30km/sec. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up for the purpose of detecting an aether wind as the Earth orbits the Sun, however the gravitationally entrained region of electric sea means that the experiment was shielded from the aether wind, which is why it produced a negative result. This negative result didn't confuse Michelson himself, but it seemed to unnecessarily confuse many other people in the years that followed. In May 1982 I asked my applied maths professor, Benno Moiseiwitsch, if he knows anybody who disagrees with Einstein's theories. He immediately told me about the anti-relativity Professor Richard A. Waldron, who was then the head of mathematics at the nearby Ulster Polytechnic in Jordanstown. I wrote out a preliminary report on my conclusions and posted it to Professor Waldron. He invited me down to discuss the document in June 1982, and at the meeting he informed me about a book by Professor Herbert Dingle called "Science at the Crossroads" which explains all about the omertà in the scientific community. He also explained to me that anti-relativists are divided into two camps. There is the aether camp and there is the Ritzian camp, and Professor Waldron was a Ritzian. The Ritzians don't believe in the aether, instead preferring a ballistic theory in order to explain the constancy of the speed of light. I reject the ballistic theory of light, and on those grounds Prof. Waldron and I parted company, but not before he had provided me with a list of names of those who he believed to be credible anti-relativists, and some of them were in the aether camp. When I noticed on that list the title "A Magnetospheric Aether Drag Theory" by a Dr. Carl A. Zapffe, I went straight to the Polytech library to obtain a copy. I was very impatient to read it. I had now discovered a scientist from Baltimore, Maryland, USA, advocating more or less what I was advocating, only he lacked any structural details. I knew I had to contact this man soon.

I graduated in July 1982 with a B.Sc. degree in physics and applied Mathematics, and by the 2nd August I was at Dr. Zapffe's summer residence in Minnesota. On getting into Dr. Zapffe's car at Brainerd bus station, the first thing that he said to me as he drove off was "In a few years' time they'll get a Michelson interferometer into space, they'll get fringes, and the whole Einstein thing will fall through". I spent a very memorable week with Dr. Zapffe and his family and he provided me with plenty of literature which opened the doors to a worldwide network of anti-relativists. Among these were Dr. Stanisław Kosowski who I visited in Warsaw the following March during the martial law period, and Dr. JP Wesley, an American living in the Black Forest in West Germany, who I visited on the same trip. From the discussions I learned many aspects of the controversy, but I found nobody willing to agree to the electron-positron sea idea. In the following few years, I did a bit of physics teaching, while at the same time being heavily involved in correspondence with anti-relativists worldwide regarding the controversy. In 1985, I decided to completely quit the physics scene altogether as nothing was being achieved. Although I returned intermittently to the controversy over the years, it wasn't until 2004 that I continued the research in earnest. This was prompted when I re-established contact with Dr. Zapffe's next door neighbour in Brainerd. John Remington "Jack" Graham, a lawyer and philosopher, was still interested in the topic and he encouraged me to continue. Following a google search on electron-positron aether, I stumbled across the works of Dr. Menahem Simhony in Jerusalem. I was amazed to discover that Dr. Simhony was also advocating a dense background medium of electrons and positrons, but as a result of having used a totally different but equally valid approach. Simhony was a specialist in Solid State Physics and he had produced a compelling argument involving an analogy with a salt crystal. This bore no relation to the electromagnetic arguments that I had been using, but it produced the same core result. Dr. Simhony had even taken the matter further to the extent of suggesting a structure for the electron-positron medium. He was advocating that these electrons and positrons should be arranged into a cubic lattice array like in the case of a sodium chloride crystal. While at first, I gave this cubic lattice idea serious consideration, I later concluded that it was an impossible structure for the purposes of explaining the electromagnetic forces, and that it hence needed to be modified. After further scrutiny of Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force" which I had obtained from the Royal Society at Carlton House Terrace in London, I concluded that the correct array should be a double helix alignment, and in 2006 I began on-line publishing, mainly in the General Science Journal, Episteme Forum, and ZP Energy. Despite my rejection of Dr. Simhony's cubic lattice structure, it should not be overlooked that Dr. Simhony had enlightened me with the first convincing stand-alone derivation of the famous equation E = mc2 which is traditionally attributed to Einstein, and in a manner, which had nothing to do with Einstein's theories. Dr. Simhony showed how this equation is actually just Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid and how it can be applied to electron-positron pair production and annihilation in conjunction with the all-pervading electron-positron sea. I carried this aspect of Simhony's work into my own double helix theory, and on further study of Maxwell's 1861 paper, I realized that Maxwell himself had actually used this equation in Part III (equation 132). A particularly interesting aspect of Maxwell's work is the manner in which he exposed the magnetic field as a centrifugal force field.

By 2007 I had it all synchronized into a concise aether theory. The summary is that magnetic attraction between two unlike magnetic poles is more fundamentally due to electrostatic attraction between electrons and positrons in an all-pervading sea of rotating electron-positron dipoles. These dipoles align along their mutual rotation axes, electron to positron, in a double helix manner forming magnetic lines of force as per the prevailing magnetic field. Magnetic attraction is therefore primarily electrostatic attraction channeled along a double helix. Magnetic repulsion between like poles on the other hand is caused by centrifugal pressure acting sideways from the lines of force, induced by the rotation of the constituent electron-positron dipoles. Despite the fact that modern physicists deny the reality of centrifugal force, it is actually crucial to the understanding of magnetic repulsion. Fine-grained centrifugal force is the source of pressure in the medium for the propagation of light, and it's the source of the equation E = mc2. But since it is a consequence of absolute rotation, it challenges the modern paradigm that everything is relative and that there are no absolutes, and so it has been wrongly reduced to a fictitious illusion in the literature. Centrifugal force in fact holds the key to the dismantling of the entire Einstein myth.

==Einstein's Big Mistake==
Einstein overlooked the fact that the speed of light, as it occurs in the Lorentz transformation equations, is determined by the density and elasticity of a physical medium which pervades all of space, and which acts as the medium for the propagation of light waves. This fact had already been established by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879), whose death happened to occur in the same year that Einstein was born. The physical medium in question was known to Maxwell as the ''luminiferous medium'' although Einstein later referred to it as a Lichtäthers (luminiferous aether). Maxwell provided us with a reasonably clear picture of what the physical structure of this medium would need to be. He proposed that all of space is filled with a sea of molecular vortices comprised of tiny aethereal whirlpools, each surrounded by electric particles.

Einstein's ''Special Theory of Relativity'' first appeared in German in a paper entitled "''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper''" which was received for publication in Bern, Switzerland, on 30th June 1905. Translated into English, the title of this paper is ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'', and a translation can be viewed here, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies . The Lorentz transformation equations appeared in this paper, although they had already been broadly established by Hendrik Lorentz and Sir Joseph Larmor in the previous decade, ''in conjunction with a luminiferous medium!'' Einstein was inspired by the symmetry inherent in electromagnetic theory which is observed in the case where an electric current is induced in a conducting coil when a bar magnet is moved into it. The result is exactly the same whether the magnet moves into the coil, or the coil moves over the magnet. In order to rationalize with this observation, Einstein considered two of Maxwell's equations which happen to exhibit a perfect duality when expressed in electrostatic units. This perfect duality comes in conjunction with an overt expression of the speed of light. The two equations in question are the differential (curl) version of Ampère’s Circuital Law, ''with Maxwell's displacement current'', and the Maxwell-Faraday Law of Induction (time-varying case), also a differential (curl) equation. Einstein found a way to maintain the mathematical form of these two equations under a Lorentz transformation, although this wasn't able to be demonstrated correctly until Henri Poincaré published his Palermo paper, ''Sur la dynamique de l'électron”, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 21, pp. 129-175 (1-47)''. This paper was received on 23 July 1905 and published in 1906 in Sicily. Poincaré's Palermo paper introduced the concept of ''four-vectors'', an ingenious mathematical tool which is essential to the analysis, and which exposes the existence of what we now know as ''four-dimensional space-time''. The four-vector invention was in some respects the modification to Sir William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions, that was needed to make them fully useful in electromagnetic theory. Maxwell missed out on this tool, although in his 1873 treatise, he did inadvertently demonstrate the futility of quaternions within the context of electromagnetism. Hamilton, in 1843, had in effect substituted the imaginary part of a complex number with a ''three-vector''. It's as if Poincaré then puts the imaginary part back in again, but this time in place of the scalar component. (The term ''imaginary'' is somewhat misleading in the context. It simply refers to the use of the square root of minus-one as an algebraic tool. All physical concepts involved are real.)

The symmetry inherent in Einstein's 1905 ''Special Theory of Relativity'' seems to have convinced Einstein that no physical medium is required for the propagation of light waves. He therefore used one absurdity to justify another absurdity. Firstly, it's absurd to suggest that light, being a wave, doesn't require a physical medium of propagation. A wave is by definition, a propagated oscillation in a physical medium. Secondly, it's the symmetry in Einstein’s special relativity which leads to the absurd implication that two clocks in relative motion would each be ticking slower than the other.
None of these absurdities would exist if the Lorentz transformation equations where to be applied in conjunction with the luminiferous aether, as they were originally intended to apply. The Lorentz transformation equations are mathematically identical to Einstein's special theory of relativity, but when applied as originally intended by Larmor and Lorentz in conjunction with the luminiferous medium, the physical implications are no longer absurd. Many of the experiments which are claimed today as evidence of Einstein's theories of relativity are in fact merely evidence of the Lorentz aether theory, in conjunction with Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices. The important difference though is that the aether provides an absolute physical rest frame, entrained within the Earth's gravitational field, and this means that there are no paradoxes associated with time. The time variable in the Lorentz transformation equations simply refers to the frequency of the physical processes within the molecular structure of a moving body. So, when motion through the luminiferous medium causes GPS satellite clocks in orbit to tick slower than the ground clocks, this is simply due to a physical interaction between the caesium atoms within the mechanism of the atomic clocks and the luminiferous medium itself, and we are in no doubt that it is the satellite clocks, and not the ground clocks, which will tick slower as a consequence of this motion. In actual fact, the satellite clocks tick faster than the ground clocks, but this is because of an additional dominant effect related to the Earth's gravitational field strength. Time dilation, within the context of the Lorentz aether theory, will not however involve a slowing down of actual time, and it will not involve any clock paradox since there will be no symmetry. The motion of ponderable matter through Maxwell's sea of molecular vortices will cause a shear interaction that results in an increase in the internal pressure, which will in turn cause all the atomic and molecular processes to slow down. This is just Dan Bernoulli’s Principle. The frequency change in the atomic clocks is not the same thing as the actual time dilation that is inferred by Einstein's special relativity after he foolishly overturned centuries of wisdom by casting out the aether. The Earth will still complete an orbit of the Sun, relative to the background stars, in a time period defined as one year, and this standard of time will apply equally to all observers throughout the universe, no matter how fast they are moving. Their own individual motion cannot alter the Earth’s orbital period around the Sun, and so it cannot alter the measurement of actual time.

In 1920, when Einstein re-introduced the aether during an address at the University of Leiden, it was only a half-baked aether, more aimed at explaining gravity than explaining electromagnetic induction. In fact, it explained neither. Einstein proposed no structural details, and it certainly wasn't Maxwell's aether. But ten years later in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a peculiar theory in which all space is pervaded by a sea of electron-positron pairs existing in a negative energy state. There is no record, however, that Dirac associated this negative energy sea with the nineteenth century luminiferous medium, yet the idea is not too far removed from the idea that space is filled with rotating electron-positron dipoles in a bound state, where the latter definitely would serve as the carrier of light waves. And although modern quantum mechanics variations on the Dirac Sea idea still retain a fundamental duality in space, it's interesting that there have been no recent attempts to link this to the medium for the propagation of light. It would seem though, that in order to reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity, this matter will have to be addressed at some stage in the future. (F.D.T. 1st October 2020, updated 21st September 2022)

==Abstracts==
* 2022 - "[[The Dirac Sea and the Aether]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362642744_The_Dirac_Sea_and_the_Aether Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Absolute Direction of Alternating Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361802746_The_Absolute_Direction_of_Alternating_Current Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Rattleback and the Magnus Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277369_The_Rattleback_and_the_Magnus_Effect Read in full])
* 2022 - "[[The Importance of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360933238_The_Importance_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Cathode Rays]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356291340_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Cathode_Rays Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Apparent Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356194121_The_Apparent_Dual_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current in the Two Gauges]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355361120_Displacement_Current_in_the_Coulomb_Gauge Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Schwarzschild Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354656658_Centrifugal_Force_in_the_Schwarzschild_Field Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Aether Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350873624_Aether_Friction_in_the_Planetary_Orbits Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Reality of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350060937_The_Reality_of_Centrifugal_Force Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[Wireless Radiation at the Antenna Boundary]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348860614_Wireless_Radiation_at_the_Antenna_Boundary Read in full])
* 2021 - "[[The Physical Nature of Electromagnetic Waves]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348444854_The_Physical_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Waves Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[Einstein's Big Mistake]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344461744_Einstein's_Big_Mistake Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Lorentz Aether Theory]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696770_The_Lorentz_Aether_Theory Read in full])
* 2020 - "[[The Significance of the Poynting Vector]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338898407_The_Significance_of_the_Poynting_Vector Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Positronium Orbit in the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338816847_The_Positronium_Orbit_in_the_Electron-Positron_Sea Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Maxwell's Displacement Current and Capacitors]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669407_Maxwell's_Displacement_Current_and_Capacitors Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Ampère’s Circuital Law and Displacement Current]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335276694_Ampere's_Circuital_Law_and_Displacement_Current Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Wireless Radiation Beyond the Near Magnetic Field]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335169091_Wireless_Radiation_Beyond_the_Near_Magnetic_Field Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334376750_Faraday's_Law_of_Electromagnetic_Induction Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7711 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Full Significance of the Speed of Light]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7797 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Isotropy in the Electromagnetic Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7770 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Cable Telegraphy and Poynting's Theorem]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334654102_Cable_Telegraphy_and_Poynting's_Theorem Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[The Significance of the Inertial Forces in Electromagnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7737 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[An Interpretation of Faraday's Lines of Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7710 Read in full])
* 2019 - "[[Rotation is the Stability of the Universe]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/7730 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Radiation Pressure and Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Formula]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7324 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Straight Line Motion]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7305 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[The Pendulum and the Magnetic Connection]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7259 Read in full])
* 2018 - "[[Pythagoras's Theorem in Seven Dimensions]]" ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras%27s_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity (Maxwell's Equations Extended to Gravity)]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Electromagnetic Radiation in the Near Field]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7065 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7057 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[The Inertial Helicopter]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Gravity/Download/6856 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Atomic Clocks and Gravitational Field Strength]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6780 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Compressed Orbits and the Secret Behind Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/6767 Read in full])
* 2017 - "[[Centrifugal Force Between Two Orbital Systems]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/247 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Coriolis Force]] ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6212 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Controversies Surrounding Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6148 Read in full])
* 2015 - "[[Centrifugal Force and the Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6132 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Galilean Invariance and Mach's Principle]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5458 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Electron-Positron Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Quantum%20Theory%20/%20Particle%20Physics/Download/5507 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Newton's Cradle Disproves Einstein's Theories of Relativity]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5737 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[Magnetic Repulsion and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6220 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Argument]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/7180 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Centrifugal Force and the Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Miscellaneous/Download/5288 Read in full])
* 2014 - "[[The Speed of Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/5373 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Double Helix and the Compound Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6528.pdf Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Electric Current (Cable Telegraphy and Wireless Telegraphy)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4093 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[Newton's Cradle and the Transmission Line]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4104 Read in full])
* 2012 - "[[The Significance of Maxwell's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4258 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3775 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Centrifugal Force Denial]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3501 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Centrifugal Force Paradox]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3371 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[The Coriolis Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3842 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Double Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3796 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Maxwell's Original Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3889 Read in full])
* 2011 - "[[Physical Lines of Force in the Aether]]" ([http://www.naturalphilosophy.org/pdf/abstracts/abstracts_6197.pdf Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Coriolis Force in Maxwell's Equations]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3161 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rattleback and the Centrifugal Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/3160 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[Maxwell's Sea of Molecular Vortices]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/251 Read in full])
* 2010 - "[[The Rings of Force that Cause the Tides]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/253 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Centrifugal Force in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/246 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Electromagnetism and the Rolling Wheel]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/237 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Inertia and the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/250 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[Kepler's Law of Areal Velocity in Cyclones]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/239 Read in full])
* 2009 - "[[The Superimposition of Radiation and Gravity]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/242 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Aether in Rigid Body Collisions]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/222 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle in the Antenna]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/229 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Cause of Centrifugal Force]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/225 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Congestion in the Gravity Sink]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/248 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Centrifugal Pressure in the Aether]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/223 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current 2]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/228 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Displacement Current]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/227 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Electrostatic Repulsion and Aether Pressure]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/235 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Equilibrium in the Electric Circuit]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/218 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Faraday Paradox and Newton's Rotating Bucket]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/224 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Fundamental Torque and the Rattleback]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/238 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lenz's Law]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/249 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[Lightning and the Gravitational Capacitor]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/217 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[A Solenoidal Double Helix of Sinks and Sources]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/231 Read in full])
* 2008 - "[[The Telegrapher's Equations]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/230 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Aether Causes Anti-Friction in the Planetary Orbits]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/212 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Archimedes' Principle in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/205 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Bernoulli's Principle and the Theory of Flight]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/244 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Connection between Gravity and Light]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/208 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[E = vXB and Maxwell's Fourth Equation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/206 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Earnshaw's Theorem and Magnetic Levitation]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/202 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Electrical Arcing and Action-at-a-Distance]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/215 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Expansion Chamber Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/211 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Link between Electric Current and Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/210 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotating Magnetic Fields in the Electric Sea]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/207 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[Rotational and Irrotational Forces]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/209 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Speed of Light varies with Magnetic Flux Density]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/213 Read in full])
* 2007 - "[[The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/203 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Aether and the Electric Sea]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/241 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The DNA of Electromagnetic Radiation (The Electron-Positron Dipole)]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/221 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravitation and the Gyroscopic Force]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Astrophysics/Download/198 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[Gravity Reversal and Atomic Bonding]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/201 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Richness and Quality of the Electron-Positron Dipole]]" ([http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/216 Read in full])
* 2006 - "[[The Unification of Electricity and Magnetism]]" ([https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7773 Read in full])
* 1984 - "[[The Magnetic Ether]]"
* 1984 - "[[Maxwell's Equations and Galilean Relativity]]" ([http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Journal%20Reprints-Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/3757 Read in full])

[[Category:Scientist|Tombe Frederick David]]